| A | B |
|---|
| Autism | Marked by abnormal or impaired development in social interactions and difficulties in communication, including problems in developing spoken language or in initiating conversations; characterized by having few interests, spending long periods repeating the same behaviors, or following the same rituals |
| Physiological | having to do with an organism's physical processes |
| Psychology | The systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes |
| Biological Approach | How genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, coping techniques, and other traits and abilities |
| Cognitive Approach | How we process, store, and use informtion and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, remember, believe, and feel |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | Taking pictures and identifying the structures and functions of the living brain during performance of a wide variety of mental or cognitive processes, such as thinking, planning, naming, and recognizing objects |
| Behavioral Approach | How organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environment reward or punish these behaviors |
| Psychoanalytic Approach | Based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of later personality traits and psychological problems; stresses the influence of unnconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts and behaviors |
| Procrastination | The tendency to always put off completing a task to the point of feeling anxious or uncomfortable about one's delay |
| Humanistic Approach | Emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directing his or her future, a large capacity for achieving personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth, and enormous potential for self-fulfillment |
| Cross-Cultural or Sociocultural Approach | The influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on psychological and social functioning |
| Structuralism | Study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences |
| Introspection | Method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and report their sensations and perceptions |
| Functionalism | Study of the function rather than the structure of consciousness; Interested in how minds adapt to changing environment |
| Gestalt Approach | Emphasized that perception is more than the use of its parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences |
| Psychologist | Someone who has completed 4 to 5 years of postgraduate education and has obtained a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D. in psychology |
| Clinical Psychologist | Someone who has a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D., has specialized in a clinical subarea, and has spent an additional year in a supervised therapy setting to gain experience in diagnosing and treating a wide range of abnormal behaviors |
| Psychiatrist | Medical doctor (M.D.) who has spent several years in clinical training, which includes diagnosing possible physical and neurological causes of abnormal behaviors and treating these behaviors, often with prescription drugs |
| Basic science | the prusuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake |
| Applied Science | discoering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals |
| Hypothesis | an assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research |
| theory | a set oa ssumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study |
| Biological Psychology/ Psychobiology | Research on the physical and chemical changes that occur during stess, learning, and emotions, as well as how our genetic makeup, brain, and nervous system interact with our environments and influence our behaviors |
| Cognitive Psychology | Involves how we process, store, and retrieve information and how cognitive processes influence our behaviors |
| Wilhem Wundt | Father of Psychology; Structuralism and Introspection |
| Introspection | a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings |
| Gestalt Approach | says we immediately see a "chair", not arms, legs, seat, etc. |
| Sigmund Freud | started psychoanalysis; believed dream analysis and free association would reveal the unconscious mind |
| Behaviorist | psychologist who only wants to study observable actions and see how rewards and punishments change our behavior |
| Humanist | a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his future and achieving personal growth |
| psychobiologist | a psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior |
| Clinical psychologist | a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional or mental disturbances |
| Counseling psychologist | a psychologist who usually hels people deal with problems of everday life |
| Developmental psychologists | a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal and social changes that occur as an individual matures |
| Educational psychologists | a psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn |
| Industrial/organizational | a psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers |
| Environmental psychologists | work in business settings or within the government to study the effects of the environment on people - natural disasters, overcrowding, pollution, etc. |
| Forensic psychologists | work in legal, court, and correctional facilities |
| Health psychologists | study the interaction between physical and psychological health factors (how stress and depression lead to illness) |
| Experimental psychologists | studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and/or emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions |
