| A | B |
|---|
| The name of the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specific reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections. | AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) p388 |
| The name of the virus that can lead to AIDS is called ____. | HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) p388,  |
| ______ is an enzyme encoded by some certain viri (retroviri) that use RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. | Reverse transcriptase (The HIV virus pictured below is a retrovirus. Notice the reverse transcriptase and how it is used once in the host cell) p389,  |
| A(n) _______ is a membrane that surrounds the capsid of some viri. | viral envelope (The picture below shows how viri acquire a viral envelope from the membrane of the host with extra components coded for by the virus) pp383&387,  |
| A(n) _____ is a virus that infects bacteria. | bacteriophage (can also be called "phage") p383,  |
| Viral DNA that inserts into the host genome of eukaryotic cells and never leaves is called a(n) _____. | provirus (Notice the provirus in this diagram of HIV infection. A provirus, unlike prophage DNA, never leaves the hosts genome. Prophage is also specific to viral DNA that is encorporated into bacterial genomes. The provirus is transcribed within the nucleus to direct the building of new viral proteins and the mRNA that is transcribed can also become the new virus's genome itself) pp389&390, |
| A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. | lysogenic cycle (the phage will eventually be triggered to enter the lytic cycle and kill the host cell) p386,  |
| An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome. | retrovirus (these include some cancer-causing viri and HIV pictured below) p388, |
| A(n) ______ is a phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. | prophage (This type of DNA can lie basically dormant for long periods of time while bacteria continue to reproduce. At some point, the prophage DNA will be triggered to create new phages and enter the lytic phase of its reproduction cycle. Although dormant as far as not killing the host, prophage DNA can cause the bacterial cell to make toxins, which is the case with bacterial diseases such as diptheria, botulism, and scarlet fever. The bacteria themselves would be much less harmful if it were not for the prophage DNA that they are infected with) p387, |
| A(n) _____ is an infectious form of mis-shaped protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to mis-shaped protein. | prion (Prions are responsible for brain wasting diseases in animals such as mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans) p394,  |
| What is responsible for brain wasting diseases in animals such as mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans? | Prions (mis-shaped proteins that are nearly impossible to destroy and cause other proteins to become mis-shaped) p393, |
| A(n) _____ is a plant pathogen composed of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long. | viroid (A viroid does not encode proteins, but can replicate in host cells using host cell enzymes. These small RNA molecules seem to cause errors in the regulatory systems that control plant growth) p393 |
| A(n) ______ is a harmless variant or derivation of a pathogen that stimulates a host immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen. | vaccine p391 |
| A disease causing agent is called a(n) _______. | pathogen G-26 |
| The protein shell that encloses the viral genome is called the _____. | capsid p383, |
| A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell. | lytic cycle p385,  |
| To lyse something means to _____. | break it open p385 |
Which type of phage lifecycle is pictured on the right?,  | lysogenic p386, |
| Which type of phage lifecycle is pictured on the left?, | lytic p386, |
| A(n) ______ is an infectious particle consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. | virus pp381&382 |
| A virus is an infectious particle consisting of a(n) ______ surrounded by a(n) ______. | nucleic acid, protein coat (the nucleic acid can be either DNA or RNA) pp381&382 |
