| A | B |
|---|
| Abraham | Founder of Judaism |
| Hebrews | Ancient name for the Jewish people |
| Jesus of Nazareth | Founder of Christianity |
| Allah | Islamic name for God |
| Muhammad | Founder of Islam |
| Muslims | Followers of Islam |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Indian Prince. Became enlightened & founded Buddhism |
| Buddha | Enlightened One. Refers to Siddartha Gautama |
| Asoka | Indian ruler who converted to Buddhism & spread Buddhism throughout eastern Asia |
| Ottoman Turks | Muslims from Asia Minor that spread their empire into Balkan Peninsula, Middle East, & North Africa. They conquered Constantinople & renamed it Istanbul. Traded coffee & ceramics. |
| Michelangelo | Renaissance artist - painted Sistine Chapel & sculpted la Pieta & David |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance artist - painted Mona Lisa & the Last Supper. "Renaissance Man" |
| Shakespeare | Northern Renaissance playwright, used history in his plays & wrote many sonnets |
| Johannes Gutenberg | Invented the printing press which helped Renaissance & Reformation ideas spread |
| Erasmus | Catholic Humanist, believed all people should be educated, focus on individual achievement, wrote In Praise of Folly |
| Martin Luther | Started the Protestant Reformation because of sale of indulgences. Wrote 95 Theses. Believed in salvation through faith alone, and that the Bible was the ultimate authority. |
| John Calvin | Protestant Reformer - believed in predestination & that our salvation was revealed through our moral choices |
| Henry VIII | Protestant Reformer/King of England - broke from Catholic Church when the pope refused to grant him a divorce. Wanted a son to be his heir. Founded the Church of England. |
| Elizabeth I | Forever established England as a Protestant nation, and made the Anglican Church the official church of England. |
| Hapsburg Family | Ruled the Holy Roman Empire; supported Catholic Church during the Reformation & Thirty Years' War |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) who spread Catholic faith all over the world |
| Mughals | Muslim rulers of Northern India. Built Taj Mahal. Traded textiles with Europeans. |
| Incas | Advanced Native American culture that lived on the Pacific coast in present day South America (Chili, Peru);Lived in the Andes mountains; well known for advanced road building, bridges, and potatoes. Conquered by Pizarro and virtually wiped out by 1531. |
| Aztecs | Native American tribe in Mexico that was defeated by Cortez. Well known for human sacrifices and for gold. Hated by surrounding tribes, many tribes joined Cortez in defeating the Aztecs. Most famous ruler was Montezuma. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | prince of Portugal. brought people together to study navigation |
| Vasco da Gama | sailed for Portugal. first to find a water route from Europe to Asia. sailed around Africa and landed in India. |
| Columbus | sailed for Spain. wanted to sail west around the world to get to Asia (for spices) - landed in Caribbean - thought he was in India |
| Cortez | a conquistador. conquered the Aztecs of Mexico (their leader was Montezuma) and created a Spanish colony |
| Pizarro | a conquistador. conquered the Incas of Peru and created a Spanish colony |
| Magellan | sailed for Spain. his crew sailed all the way around the globe - circumnavigated |
| Drake | sailed for England. first Englishman to sail around the globe (circumnavigate) |
| Cartier | sailed for France. explored St. Lawrence River. claimed Eastern Canada for France. founded city of Montreal. |
| Louis XIV | absolute monarch of France - known as the Sun King b/c he brought a great culture to France - also caused problems by only taxing the poor and by doing away with the Edict of Nantes - built palace of Versailles as a symbol of his royal power |
| The Sun King | nickname of Louis XIV |
| Frederick the Great | absolute ruler of Prussia - made Prussia a great military power. enlightened despot, created schools & tried to help the peasants |
| Peter the Great | an absolute ruler of Russia - made Russia more like the Western Europe. Built St. Petersburg as a symbol of his power |
| Copernicus | Polish - first person to state that the earth went around the sun - kept ideas to himself b/c he feared the church. his theory is called HELIOCENTRIC. |
| Kepler | German (Holy Roman Empire) - developed laws of planetary motion - he used math and proved that the earth and the other planets are constantly in motion around the sun in elliptical orbits |
| Harvey | English - discovered that blood circulates through the body |
| Galileo | Italian - used telescope to prove Copernicus right - Catholic Church declared him a heretic |
| Newton | English - developed calculus and the laws of gravity |
| Voltaire | French - writer who believed in freedom of speech, religion, and press - he criticized the church and gov't. separation of church and state. |
| Mozart | Austrian - great composer - began composing at age 5 |
| Bach | great composer of the Enlightenment |
| Locke | English - used natural law to argue that man should be sovereign (rule). Monarchs aren't chosen by God. Man has rights and is generally reasonable - said man can break his contract with gov't if gov't is bad - wrote Two Treatises on Government - people can be trusted to govern themselves - democracy |
| Hobbes | English - used natural law to say that people need an absolute monarch because they are naturally selfish - wrote Leviathan - without absolute monarch there will be chaos |
| Rousseau | also wrote Social Contract with the idea that gov't is a contract between rulers and people - gov't should reflect what the people want |
| Montesquieu | French - wrote Spirit of the Laws - believed that gov't should have separation of powers |
| Jefferson | American - wrote Declaration of Independence - said natural law makes all people equal |
| Delacroix | French - enlightened painter, painted Liberty Leading the People - also painted nature scenes |
| Cervantes | Spanish novelist. wrote Don Quixote the world's first novel. |
| Charles I | English King 1625-1649. After ignoring Parliament's Petition of Right, Tried to rule England as absolute monarch, but made Parliament (controlled by Puritans) very mad by infringing on people's rights. He is defeated in English Civil War by Parliament and beheaded in 1649. |
| Oliver Cromwell | military leader of Parliamentary forces against Charles I; Executes Charles I in 1649 and then rules England for 10 years as a dictator. |
| Charles II | restored as English King after Cromwell's death; ruled 1660-1685; King during the "Restoration" |
| James II | English King 1685-1688; told Parliament he ruled by "divine right"; ignores laws like Habeas Corpus--Parliament overthrows him and gives throne to William and Mary. James II flees to France, where he dies years later. His overthrow is known as the "Glorious Revolution" |
| William & Mary | the new rulers of England after the Glorious Revolution. they had less power than Parliament. England becomes a constitutional monarchy & the people receive the English Bill of Rights |
| Third Estate | name for the poor and middle class in France. they revolted against the government during the French Revolution |
| Louis XVI | weak ruler. was beheaded by the Third Estate. |
| Robespierre | Leader of the Committee for Public Safety, and responsible for the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution |
| Napoleon | became the military dictator of France at the end of the French Revolution. His takeover ends the French Revolution! took over all of Europe. spread his law code everywhere. the rest of Europe rose up and defeated him. |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Haitian former slave who started a revolt against the French in Haiti. The rebel Haitians defeated the French and in 1804 Haiti proclaimed its independence. |
| Simon Bolivar | called the "Liberator," he devoted his life to freedom for Latin America from Spain. By 1826, Bolivar had helped all South America achieve freedom. |
| Metternich | Austrian prince who was in charge of Congress of Vienna. his 3 part plan was used to restore order to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. he was in favor of absolute monarchs and against democracy. he got his way which later led nationalists and liberals to start more revolutions in Europe |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | used guerrilla warfare to conquer the southern part of Italy. he then united the south with the north (which was already under the control of Victor Emmanuel & his advisor Count Cavour). he was a nationalist who wanted Italians to have a strong country. |
| Count Cavour | advisor to King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia. he worked to unify the northern part of Italy. Garibaldi united the southern part of Italy which he unified with Count Cavour's northern part. Victor Emmanuel became king of all Italy. |
| Otto von Bismarck | Prime Minister of Prussia. believed in realpolitik. fought wars to take over other German states. (ex. Franco-Prussian war against France) united them together into Germany. he was a nationalist who wanted Germans to have a strong country. |
| Eli Whitney | invented cotton gin to clean cotton faster. made need for slaves grow because they needed to pick more cotton now. |
| James Watt | invented the steam engine. now work could be done by machines instead of human power. |
| Henry Bessemer | invented cheap & easy way to make steel. now machines could be made stronger and resistant to fire |
| Edward Jenner | made world's first vaccination - small pox |
| Louis Pasteur | discovered germs/bacteria. showed that they caused disease and that they could be killed |
| Adam Smith | believed in capitalism. wrote Wealth of Nations. influenced the US. wrote about laissez-faire economics - this means that gov't should not get involved with economic matters. they should let the economy be and let nature take its course. economies will naturally fix themselves. |
| Karl Marx | believed in Socialism. wrote Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels). wanted proletariat to rise up and revolt all over the world. |
| Commodore Matthew Perry | American naval commander who in 1853 sailed to Japan and forced the Japanese to sign a trade agreement with the United States. Ultimately, this meant Japan will begin to industrialize and become a world power. |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | heir to throne of Austria-Hungary. assassinated by Serbian nationalist who wanted Bosnia - which was controlled by A-H - to be controlled by Serbia instead since the people in Bosnia were Serbs. this was the "spark" that started WWI. |
| Tsar Nicholas II | ruler of Russia in early 1900s. was on the side of the Allied Powers. spent too much time & money on WWI while his own people were starving. lost Russo-Japanese war to Japan which was an embarrassment. peasants rose up and revolted - he gave up his throne b/c of peasant protests. |
| Bolsheviks | radical group of Russian peasants led by Lenin. overthrew Russian gov't (coup d'etat) in 1917. socialists/communists. wanted everything to be owned by the people. nickname was the "Reds". after taking power they had to fight a civil war against the Mensheviks ("Whites") |
| Vladimir Lenin | Russian socialist. wanted to spread socialism all over the world. led the Bolsheviks. took over Russian gov't in a coup d'etat. became leader of Russia. New Economic Policy - even though he was a socialist, he used capitalism to get the Russian economy back on its feet. |
| Woodrow Wilson | POTUS during WWI. His peace plan was the 14 Points & was supposed to prevent another war from happening. He created the League of Nations |
| Adolf Hitler | totalitarian leader of Germany. head of the Nazi Party. rebuilt German nationalism after their WWI defeat. rebuilt German army. fixed German economy. took away rights - especially of Jews (anti-jew = anti-Semitism). made Germany powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by taking over more of Europe. |
| Benito Mussolini | totalitarian leader of Italy. head of the Fascist Party (followers called Black Shirts). rebuilt Italian nationalism after WWI. built Italian army. fixed Italian economy. took away rights. made Italy powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by taking over Ethiopia. |
| Joseph Stalin | totalitarian leader of Soviet Union. head of the Communist Party. built Soviet nationalism. built up Soviet army. improved Soviet economy with 5-year plans and collectivization - gov't owned all farms. took away rights - killed 20 million Soviets that disagreed with him (called Great Purge) and did away with religion (atheism). used secret police to find out who his enemies were. made Soviet Union powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by moving into Eastern Europe. |
| Hideki Tojo | totalitarian leader of Japan. head of the Japanese military. (Hirohito was the emperor but was weak) built up Japanese nationalism. built up Japanese military. improved Japanese economy by building industry. took away rights. made Japan powerful and proud. wanted to extend its empire by taking over China, Korea, and Manchuria. |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) | POTUS during WWII & at Yalta Conference |
| Harry S. Truman | POTUS after FDR dies, drops atomic bombs on Japan; used the policy of containment in his Truman Doctrine to stop the spread of communism |
| James Monroe | POTUS during early 1800s; established the policy that European powers needed to stay out of the Western Hemisphere in the Monroe Doctrine |
| Dwight Eisenhower | US General in command of D-Day invasion; later POTUS from 1952-60 |
| Douglas MacArthur | US General in the Pacific; used strategy of island hopping; rules Japan after WWII & helps write their constitution |
| Winston Churchill | British Prime minister during most of WWII; gave the "Iron Curtain" speech |
| George Marshall | US General during WWII; developed the plan to rebuild Europe after WWII to prevent the spread of communism (Marshall Plan) |
| Allies | WWII - France, US, USSR, Great Britain |
| Axis | WWII - Germany, Italy, Japan fought against the Allies |
| Triple Entente | WWI - later known as Allies; France, Russia & Great Britain |
| Triple Alliance/Central Powers | WWI - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire |
| Ronald Reagan | POTUS from 1981-89; helped end the Cold War by building up US military; USSR tried to keep up but couldn't |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet Leader; helped end the Cold War through Glasnost (openness) & Perestroika (restructuring) |
| Mao Jedong | led Communist revolution in China; won the Chinese Civil War in 1949 |
| Chiang Kai-Shek | Led Chinese Nationalists against Mao during Chinese Civil War; lost the war & led his followers to island of Taiwan |
| Ho Chi Minh | Led communist takeover of Vietnam |
| Mohandes Ghandi | Led passive resistance & civil disobedience against the British to free India |
| Jomo Kenyatta | led violent fight against British for Kenyan independence - called Mau Mau uprising |
| Nelson Mandela | Led the ANC fight against Apartheid in South Africa; later became President of South Africa. |
