| A | B |
|---|
| Genotype | The genetic make up w/ respect to the two alleles |
| Homozygous | Having the same two alleles (DD, dd) |
| Heterozygous | One of each allele (Dd) |
| Phenotype | Physical/outward manifestation, what they look like/behave based on the genotype |
| The Agent of Selection | (or selective agent) The factor in the environment that is putting on the selective pressure |
| Artificial Selection | 1) A powerful force for changing organisms 2) Aka, selective breeding—human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits transmit to successive generations |
| Selective Breeding | Human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits transmit to successive generations |
| Natural Selection | Any variation will tend to the preservation of that individual be inherited many individuals a small number |
| Phylogeny | Studying inherited species' characteristics and other historical evidnce, able to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and represent them on a "family tree" |
| Clade | A grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor |
| Characters | heritable traits tha can be compared across organisms, such as physical characteristics (morphology), genetic sequences, and behavioral traits |
| Shared Characters | When two lineages have one character in common |
| Derived Character | One that evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade and that sets members of that clade apart from other individuals |
| Homologous Characters | Characters in different organisms that are similar b/c they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had that character |
| Analogous | Separate evolutionary origins, but are superficially similar b/c they have both experienced natural selection. The result of convergent evolution |
| Radiometric Dating | Relies on half-life decay of radioactive elements to date rocks and materials directly |
| Stratigraphy | Provides a sequence of events from which relative dates can be extrapolated |
| Molecular Clocks | Allow scientists to use the amount of genetic divergence b/w organisms to extrapolate backwards to estimate dates |
| Evolution | Descent with modification from a common ancestor |
| Mutations | Changes in the DNA of an organism |
| Gene Flow | Any movement of genes from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation |
| Sex | Can introduce new gene combinations into a population |
| Somatic Mutations | Occur in non-reproductive cells and won't be passed onto offspring |
| Gene Flow | Any movement of genes from one population to another |
