| A | B |
|---|
| 12th amendment | changes the methods for casting electoral votes for the Executive. A separate ballot is cast for president and another for VP. |
| 20th amendment | shortened the lame duck period. Now a new president's term begins in January, not March |
| Budget and Accounting Act (1921) | created the OMB which allows the president to have a say in the federal budget. Also created the Government Accountability Office (GAO). |
| Clinton v. City of NY | SCOTUS case that ruled that line-item veto is unconstitutional for presidents. |
| Commander-in-chief | According to Art. II, allows the president to be in charge of the military's movement. |
| EPA | A regulatory agency that is responsible for ensuring that people and businesses are not violating environmental policies. |
| Executive Agreement | An agreement made between the head of one of more countries. A president can do this as an informal power in order to avoid a full on Senate-approved treaty. As such, they are much more commonly made than official treaties. |
| Executive Privilege | an informal "power" claimed by presidents when they try to withhold sensitive info from other parts of the government or people. (Didn't work for Nixon though!) |
| FCC | A regulatory agency that monitors radio and TV airways. |
| honeymoon period | The first 6 months or so of a president's term in office where his relationships with Congress and the people are fairly positive. Its usually easier to get things done. |
| FDA | A regulatory agency in the bureaucracy that regulates the food and drug industries by inspecting products and places of production |
| Federal Reserve | A regulatory agency responsible for controlling the supply of money and interest rates |
| ICC | The first regulatory agency. It was created to monitor railroad companies. Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887. |
| Imperial Presidency | a term to describe the modern presidency. It has a negative connotation and accuses them of taking on too much power, beyond the framers' intentions. |
| Implementation | to execute (carry out) a policy or plan. Bureaucratic agencies do this. |
| Issue networks | a group of interest groups or people who are invested in a specific issue that will support the public. They are not the same as iron triangles. |
| Lame duck | The nickname for a person who is on his way out of office. The lame duck period lasts from Nov- Jan. It was shortened by the 20th amendment |
| Line-item veto | The ability to strike out parts of a bill before signing the remaining into law. Presidents can not do this but governors can. |
| Mandate theory | The belief that presidents, through elections, have been granted permission by the people to carry out their policy ideas |
| Munn v. Illinois | An 1870s court case that affirmed the state governments' rights to regulate an industry within its own borders. This is seen as an important step towards increased government regulation at all levels. |
| NASA | An independent executive agency responsible for space exploration. |
| US v. Nixon | The case regarding the Watergate scandal in which Nixon unsuccessfully claimed to have executive privilege which allowed him to keep the tapes in his possession. This case led to his resignation. |
| pardon | forgiveness (such as for a crime) |
| red tape | excessive forms, procedures, and regulations. Often the bureaucracy is accused of creating "too much red tape" |
| reprieve | Presidents can do this according to Art. II. It means they can postpone someones sentence. |
| Title IX | A policy intended to reduce gender discrimination in higher education. It has been subject to a lot of scrutiny in interpretation resulting in many lawsuits and disputes over its implementation. |
| US Postal Service | a government corporation that is part of the bureaucracy |
| Whistleblower | someone who speaks up about a wrongdoing of others (for example: an employee of a company who reveals a company scandal) |
| Going Public | When the president uses the media, speeches, etc to get constituents to support him by contacting members of Congress or pressuring Congress members. |
| Presidential Signing Statement | A statement the president can choose to put at the end of a piece of legislation that says how he intends to implement the law. Informal power. |
| Executive Agreement | an informal treaty the president can negotiate with a foreign leader that does not need Senate approval. Becoming more common than treaties. |
| Plum Book | List of jobs available for presidential appointment |
| Federal register | Book publication of government rules and regulations that the bureaucracy enforces. |
