| A | B |
|---|
| hybrid | organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait |
| selective breeding | the process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations |
| inbreeding | process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations |
| test cross | involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotrype with one that is omozygous recessive for the desired trait |
| DNA | the genetic material of all organisms, composed of two complementary chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix |
| genetic engineering | technology that involves manipulationg the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism |
| genome | the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell |
| restriction enzyme | recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence |
| gel electrophoresis | an electric current is used to separate the DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments |
| recombinant DNA | newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources |
| plasmid | small, circular,, double-stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast-cells |
| DNA ligase | an enzyme normally used by cells in DNA repair and re;lication |
| transformation | some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA |
| cloning | process in which large numbers of identical ewcombinant DNA molecules are produced |
| polymerase chain reaction | can be used to make millions if copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment |
| transgenic organism | organisms genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism |
| codon | the triplet of bases in the DNA or mRNA |
| DNA fingerprinting | involves separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual |
| bioinformatics | involves creating and maintaining databases of biological information |
| DNA microarray | tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments. |
| single nucleotide polymorphism | variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered |
| haplotype | regions of linked variations in the human genome |
| pharmacogenomics | the study of how genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs |
| gene therapy | a technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases |
| genomics | the study of an organisms genome |
| proteomics | the large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body |
