| A | B |
|---|
| inspection | looking |
| palpatation | feeling |
| auscultation | hearing |
| percussion | tapping for sounds |
| comparative anatomy | use of small animals for learning about humans |
| Gross anatomy | what you can see with your naked eye |
| histology | looking at tissues for abnormalities |
| neurophysiology | study of nervous system |
| endocrinology | physiology of hormones |
| pathophysiology | mechanisms of disease |
| Rene Descartes | scientific method, set the standards for a 'scientific truth' |
| Francis Bacon | scientific method, inductive method |
| Inductive Method | Bacon- making observations from small things (anatomical knowledge) |
| Hypothetico-Deductive Method | Investigator asks a question and then formulates a hypothesis (physiological knowledge) |
| A good hypothesis | consistent with what is known, testable and possibly falsifiable |
| reductionism | theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying the smaller components |
| Holism | there are 'emergent properties' of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts |
| Typical Physiological values (man) | 22 y.o., 154lb, light physical activity: 2800 kcal/day |
| Typical Physiological values (woman) | 22 y.o., 128lb, light physical activity: 2000 kcal/day |
| Claude Bernard | first to observe constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions |
| Walter Cannon | homeostasis, dynamic equilibrium, negative feedback keeos variable close to the set point |
| dynamic equilibrium | state of body fluctuates within a limited range around a certain set point |
| Positive Feedback | self-amplified feedback cycle |
| standard international anatomical terminology | Terminologia Anatomica (TA) |
| Acronyms | formed from 1st letter of 1st few letters of a series of words |
| superior | on top of |
| inferior | below |
| posterior | back |
| anterior | front |
| rostral | towards the head |
| caudal | towards tail |
| median | line through middle of the body (separates into left and right) |
| lateral | line across the body |
| ipsilateral | same side |
| contralateral | opposite side |
| superficial | close to the surface |
| deep | farther from the surface |
| axial region | head, neck, trunk |
| appendicular region | upper and lower limbs |
| frontal plane | vertical plane (from right to left) separates into front and back |
| transverse plane | horizontal plane |
| sagittal plane | vertical plane from front to back (separates into right and left) |
| Frontal sections ex. | chest xray |
| Saggital section ex. | xray of bladder and uterus |
| Transverse section | xray of head |
| 3 main body cavities | 1. cranial (head) cavity and vertebral (spine) canal, 2. Thoracic Cavity, 3.Abdominopelvic Cavity |
| Thoracic Cavity | Pleural Cavity (lungs) and Pericardial Cavity (heart) |
| atomic # | number of protons in nucleus |
| trace elements | only needed in small amounts (Chronium, cobalt |
| minerals | salt from these are electrolytes (in teeth, bones, and enzymes) |
| John Dalton | Coined the atomic theory |
| Atomic Theory | 1. all matter is made of atoms, 2. all atoms of a given element are identical 3. compounds are 2+ kinds of atoms 4- a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms |
| Neils Bohr | proposed planetary model for atom structure |
| isotopes | varities of an element that differ in number of nuetrons |
| 3 types of radiation by nuclear decay | alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays |
| alpha particles | 2 proton and 2 nuetrons, cant penetrate skin |
| beta particles | free electron, penetrates skin a few mm |
| gamma rays | emitted from uranium and plutonium, penetrates skin and is very dangerous |
| madame curie | discovered radioactivity of polonium and radium |
| physical half-life | time needed for 50% to decay |
| biological half-life | time needed for 50% to be removed from the body |
| molecules | 2+ atoms together |
| compounds | 2+ different atoms |
| ionic bond | cation + anion |
| cation | donates electron |
| anion | accepts electron |
| covalent bond | share electrons |
| hydrogen bonds | weak, polar bonds |
| van der waals forces | weak bonds b/t neutral atoms |
| hydrophillic | dissolve in H2O (polarized and charged) |
| hydrophobic | don't dissolve in H2O |
| acid | proton donor |
| base | proton acceptor |
| pH of H+=OH- | 7 |
| pH of H+>OH- | less than 7 |
| pH of H+<OH- | greater than 7 |
| change in one # of pH = ? | 10X change in H+ conc. |
| range of pH of blood | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| decomposition reactions | AB -> A + B |
| synthesis reactions | A + B -> AB |
| exchange reactions | AB + CD -> AD + BC |
| catabolism | energy releasing decomposition reaction |
| anabolism | energy storing synthesis reaction |
| how are polymers formed | dehydration synthesis |
| how are monomers formed | hydrolysis |
| enzyme | substrate complex, highly specific fit |
| glycogen | energy storage polysaccharide in animals |
| starch | energy storage in plants |
| cellulose | structural molecule of plants cell wall |
| 5 types of lipids in humans | fatty acids, triglycerides/neutral fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids |
| saturated lipids | all possible carbons bonded to H's |
| unsaturated | not all possible H's bonded, carbon double bond |
| polyunsaturated | multiple carbon-carbon double bonds |
| trans-fatty acids | single bonded carbons on the other side of the double bond going in the opposite direction |
| cis-fatty acids | single bonds on the other side of double bonds are in the same direction |
| LDL | bad cholesterol, takes fat from the liver to arteries |
| HDL | higher protein to lipid ratio, good cholesterol |
| uses of ATP | muscle contraction, active transport, synthesis reactions, ciliary beating |
| ATP structure | adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups |
| cytology | study of cells |
| light microscope | can see cells, plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm |
| electron microscope | can see ultrastructure: organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol |
| 3 kinds of membrane proteins | integral, transmembrane, peripheral |
| plasma membrane components | lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| microvilli | extensions of the cell membrane that help increase surface area, best developed in cells that specialize in absorption |
| glycocalyx | helps with cell identity, protection, cell adhesion, immunity to infection, fertilization, defense against cancer, embryonic development, and transplant compatability |
| Cilia | hairlike structure, help with movement. power stroke then recovery stroke |
| cilia structure | axoneme core, dynein arms, movement requires ATP |
| cystic fibrosis | cells make chloride pumps, but fail to install them, which leads to a buildup of mucus and doesnt allow cilia to move (hard to breath and digest food) |
| Flagella | whiplike structure with microfilaments and axoneme. snake like movement, found in sperm |
| filtration | process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatis pressure |
| simple diffusion | net movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower one (passive transport) |
| osmosis | diffusion/flow of water from one side to another of a selectively permeable membrane |
| osmotic pressure | pressure required to stop osmosis |
| Tonicity | measure of osmotic pressure gradient |
| hypertonic | solution has lower water concentration, cell looses water and shrivels |
| hypotonic | solution has higher water concentration, RBC absorbs water, swells and may lyse |
| 2 kinds of carrier mediated transport | facilitated diffusion and active transport |
| uniport transporter | transports one molecule at a time |
| symport transporter | can carry two molecules in the same direction |
| antiport transporter | carry 2 molecules in opposite directions |
| vesicular transport | movement of large particles, fluid droplets or numerous molecules at ones through membranes in vesicles REQUIRES ATP |
| endocytosis | vesicular transport bringing material into cells (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis) |
| phagocytosis | brings in big cells (eating) - type of vesicle transport |
| pinocytosis | brings in fluid (drinking)- type of vesicle transport |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | very specific, clathrin-coated vesicles - type of vesicle transport |
| exocytosis | discharging material from cell |
| membranous organelles | nucleous, mitochondria, lysosomes, E.R., golgi |
| non-membranous organelles | ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies |
| chromatin | DNA + protein |
| nucleoli | where ribosomes are made |
| Rough ER | synthesizes protein (rough ER is covered in ribosomes) |
| Smooth ER | synthesizes steroid and lipids, alcohol and drug detox, manufactures all membranes |
| ribosomes | synthesize proteins |
| golgi | synthesizes carbohydrates |
| lysosomes | have enzymes to digest unwanted things in cells |
| mitochondria | ATP synthesis |
| centrioles | set up mitotic spindle, thus help with cell division |
