| A | B |
|---|
| shrinkage | alternate heating and cooling |
| shrink welding | running beads on the CONVEX side of a weld |
| added stiffening | pulling a plate into line with strong backs |
| postheating | most common method |
| full annealing | most EFFECTIVE but difficult to control |
| cold peening | stretches bead by hammering |
| preheating | controls expansion and contraction DURING the welding process |
| distortion and stress | 2 major aspects of contraction |
| residual | stresses that REMAIN AFTER welded members are cooled |
| opposite direction | control warping by setting up plates sothat they bow in the |
| strong backs | stiffeners used to prevent distortion |
| step back | method of welding where direction of welding is from left to right but bead is deposited right to left |
