| A | B |
|---|
| political machines | powerful organizations that used illegal/legal methods to get their candidate elected. |
| Gilded Age | inequality between wealthybusiness leaders and the workers |
| Leaders of Political Machines | bosses |
| Tammany Hall | NYC most notorious political machine |
| Leader of Tammany Hall | William Marcy Tweed |
| spoils system | Giving government jobs to unqualified people. Started by Thomas Jefferson. |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | An exam had to be passed before getting a government position |
| Progressives | Reformers who worked to improve society |
| muckrakers | Journalists who "raked up" and exposed the muck or filth of society. Influenced voters causing them to pressure politicians to back reforms. |
| Ida B. Tarbell | Wrote articles criticizing the unfair business practices of the Standard Oil Company |
| Upton Sinclair | Exposed the unsanitary practices in the meat processing industry |
| New professions formed by urban reform | City planning & civil engineering which helped design safer building codes |
| Seventeenth Amendment | Allows Americans to vote directly for U.S. senators. Before state legislatures elected senators. |
| recall | remove an official before end of their term |
| initiative | Allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition. |
| referendum | permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or passed by government |
| Robert M. La Follette | Wisconsin Republican who decreased the power of political machines. |
| Marie Van Vorst | Helped focus attention on the problem of child labor. |
| Jobs boys held in late 1800's | Sold newspapers, shined shoes |
| Jobs girls held in the late 1800's | Cooked , cleaned for families |
| Where most children worked in the late 1800's | factories, mines, mills |
| What law was Massachusetts the first to pass? | Minimum wage law |
| Why parents ignored child labor laws and told their children to lie about their age | They need the extra income |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | Led to passage of laws improving factory safety standards |
| Worker's compensation laws | Guaranteed a portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job |
| Why business leaders did not support workplace regulations | They believed the economy should operate without government interference |
| Result of court case Muller v. Oregon | Upheld laws restricting women's work hours stating women's health is of public concern. |
| capitalism | economic system in which private businesses run most industries and competition determines price of goods |
| socialism | System in which government owns/operates country's production |
| William "Big Bill" Haywood | Leader of the Industrial Workers of the World |
| Industrial Workers of the World | Union that welcomed immigrants, women, and African Americans. Goal was to organize into one large union and overthrow captitalism. Used aggressive tactics which frightened Americans. |
| Women attending college in early 1900's | number doubled |
| Job fields for women in early 1900's | social work and teaching |
| Professions that did not employ many women | Law and medicine |
| Reforms women were active in | Temperance, women's suffrage, child welfare and political reform |
| Factors reformers blamed social problems such as violence and criminal behavior | urbanization/immigration and alcohol |
| temperance | avoidance of alcohol |
| Frances Willard | Leader of Woman's Christian Temperance Union |
| Carrie Nation | Used aggressive tactics to fight for temperance. Arrested for her approach |
| 18th amendment | banned the production, sale and transportation of alcohol in U.S. |
| suffrage | right to vote |
| Groups that opposed women's suffrage | Political bosses - women would fight for anti-corruption laws; Business leaders - women would support minimum wage & child labor laws |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association | Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony |
| National Woman's Party | Founded by Alice Paul. Differed from NAWSA because they used parades, picketing, hunger strikes to fight suffrage |
| Nineteenth Amendment | Gave women the right to vote |
| What issues reformers overlooked | Racial discrimination & segregation |
| Booker T. Washington | Encouraged African American to improve their educational/economic well-being. Do not fight directly. |
| Ida B. Wells | Wrote about the unequal education available to African American children and lynching |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | Took a direct approach to fighting racial injustice. Founded NAACP |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | Attacked discrimination by using the courts. Made grandfather clauses illegal |
| Native Americans | Resisted reforms. Did not want to adopt white culture |
| Mexican Immigrants | Immigration increased. Borders were easy to cross |
| Theodore Roosevelt's Plan | Square Deal - balance with business, workers & consumers |
| Upton Sinclair | Wrote "The Jungle" about the unsanitary conditions at meat industry. Theodore Rooselvelt read the book and later convinced Congress to pass meat inspection act |
| Pure Food & Drug Act | Prohibited the manufacture, sale & transport of mislabeled or contaminated food & drugs |
| Conservation | Protection of nature and its resources. Roosevelt doubled the number of national parks |
| 16th amendment | Allows the federal government to impose direct taxes on citizen's incomes |
| How did Taft and Roosevelt differ? | Taft moved cautiously towards reforms and felt Roosevelt used more power than a President should. |
