| A | B |
|---|
| Age of Enlightenment | Between 17th-18th centuries where individuals used reason to challenge ideas and propose reforms. |
| Monarchy | 1 ruler with absolute poer, part of a royal family, rule is hereditary |
| Natural law | all people are born into nature understanding what is right and what is wrong |
| Natural Rights | the rights that everyone deserves; everyone has certain universal rights and freedoms as long as we do not violate natural laws. Life, liberty, and property |
| Thomas Hobbes | Author of Leviathan: people were naturally cruel and selfish. if not controlled they would fight and oppress each other. Believed in Absolute Monarchy to control people who consent to a social contract |
| John Locke | Author: Two Treaties of Government: people formed governments to protect natural rights. Wanted a government with limited power accepted by all. Gov has obligation to people, if they fail people have right to overthrow gov. Ideas led to American Revolution |
| Philosophes | French for philosophers. Thinkers who believe scientific method can be used to understand society. Reason can lead to reforms |
| Montesquieu | Author: The Spirit of the Laws. Idea of separation of power. To much power in one place is dangerous. 3 branches of US gov. Federalism |
| Federalism | division of power between the levels of government. Different from 3 branches of government |
| Voltaire | "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it" Led to principle of freedom of speec |
| Denis Diderot | Published The Encyclopedia: 28 volumes to start eventually 35. Helped create free access of information. |
| Rousseau | Wrote The Social Contract. People are born good, but society corrupts them as they grow up. People should consider what is good for the majority and not themselves. Better to have fewer rule that are good than to many |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Wrote: A vindication of the Rights of Women. Called for equal education for boys and girls. Only education could give women the tools needed to participate equally with men in public life. |
| Physiocrats | People who used science to understand economics. Focus on economics instead of government/society |
| Adam Smith | Wealth of Nations. Economies should be free markets. Laissez-faire economics. Gov. should not interfere with business. Division of labor. |
| _______ allowed for production to be faster and less expensive. Many people involved in a specific role of production. | Division of Labor |
| censorship | restricting access to information |
| _______ led to censorship. | The spread of Enlightenment ideas |
| Salons | informal social gatherings where ideas were exchanged and discussed. |
| Despot | One person rules who has absolute power. Oppressive and cruel |
| Enlightened Despots | A person who rules and has enlightened ideas, but are oppressive to people |
| Catherine the Great | Russia. Gave people Bill of Rights after reading Voltaire. Did not put many enlightened ideas into place |
| Frederick the Great | Prussia. Tight control over people. Reduces use of torture and allowed free press. Wanted Prussia to be a great military country |
| Joseph II | Austria. Established equal taxation and equal punishment. Freedom of religion, abolished torture, ended censorship |
| What reasons led to the global power of England? | Location to control trade, favorable climate for new business, treaty of Utrecht, successful war |
| Treaty of trecht | France gave Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Britain |
| King George I | Born in Hanover Germany, Ruler of England. Created modern system of cabinet and prime minister. |
| ______ was created to help advise King George because he could not speak English. | The Cabinet |
| Who made up the cabinet? | Members of the parliment |
| _____ headed the cabinet. | Prime Minister |
| _____ allowed American colonies the chance to develop a sense of independence. | English wars and neglect |
| Mercantilism | More money =more power. Country wanted more exports than imports |
| Why were taxes suddenly placed on America? | The French and Indian war ended, and England needed help paying for them |
| Loyalists | THose loyal to the king of England |
| Radical | someone who wants immediate change and will do anything to get change |
| Thomas Jefferson | Declaration of Independence. Believed in Natural rights. Consent to be governed. |
| Declaration of Independence | John Locke key contributor. Gov protects natural rights: life, liberty, property. People can rebel if gov unjust. Popular sovereignty. Colonists right to rebel b/c Britain unjust. |
| Popular Sovereignty | All power associated with the government comes from the people |
| What were the causes of the French revolution? | Louis XVI was in debt, industrial depression = 50% unemployment, food shortages. Based on this, France was almost bankrupt |
| Bankrupt | You do not have enough money to pay off your debt |
| ______ was one proposed solution to France's problems. | raising taxes |
| Estates-General | French legislature that had to approve the Kings request for money. Made up of 3 estates |
| ______ were members of the First Estate | Clergy |
| _______ were members of the Second Estate | Nobles/Aristocrats |
| _______ were members of the Third Estate | everyone else |
| Which estate was expected to pay the French taxes | Third |
| Cahier | notebooks with complaints brought to Estates general meeting |
| What rule was created at the meeting of the Estates General that caused the Third Estate to walk out. | Only property owners could vote. |
| Tennis Court Oath | Stated the National Assembly would meet regularly at any place until France had a fair constitution |
| _____ was formed as a result of the Third Estate walking out of the General Estates meeting | National assembly |
| Storming of the Bastille | July 14, 1789. Angry French mob stormed the Bastille. Event that started the French Revolution |
| Declaration of Rights of Man | Created by National Assembly. Similar to Declaration of Independence. 3 estates abolished, all people equal under, freedom of speech, religon, press. Separation of power. TAxation only by consent |
| Jacobins | Gained control of French Revolution. Changed name of National Assembly to National Convention |
| Robespierre | Key Figure to French Revolution. Promoted religious toleration and abolition of slavery. Member of Committee of Public Safety. Led Reign of Terror, started by seeking out those opposed to revolt. |
| Committee of Public Safety | elite group within the Convention established to deal with crisis |
| Olympe de Gouges | Demanded equal rights for women. Upset with Declaration of the Rights of man. Author Declaration of Rights of Woman. |
| The Directory | Created after Reign of Terror to rule France. Overthrown by Napoleon and consulate |
| Consulate | Napoleon 1st consul, with 2 others |
| Republic | Form of government where the people chose representatives to make decisions for them |
| dictatorship | one ruler with absolut power gained by force |
| Napoleon claimed france was a Republic when it was really a ____. | Dictatorship |
| Emperor | One ruler with absolute power. Napoleon took this title |
| Napoleonic Code | All people are equal under law, Freedom of Religion, Law was standardized, started public schools and built new roads. Gov officials chosen on merit |
| Technology | machines that would meet human needs |
| Urbanization | mass movement of people from rural to urban areas to find work in factories |
| tenements | multi story buildings with small overcrowded apartments |
| John Wesley | Creator of Methodism. Message: poor could gain access to God's kingdom as easily as upper class. Lead a good moral life. Started social reforms and improved literacy rates |
| Thomas Malthus | THeory of population: world's progress will be limited by inability of global food supply to keep pace with population growth. Poor should not have children because there would not be enough food. Never cam true |
| David Ricardo | Agreed with Malthus. Workers should not have children b/c their would not be enough jobs. |
| Jeremy Bentham | Founder of Utilitarianism |
| Utilitarianism | philosophy where the best actions and policies are defined as those that promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people |
| John Stuart Mill | Ultimate goal in public policy should be general happiness. Utilitarian philosopher. Women should have equal rights as men. Gov coud be utilitarian in laws passed to help workers |
| Robert Owen | Socialist. Founder of New Harmony: model socialist community. Everyone shared everything. Utopian |
| Socialism | people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of productions, farms, factories, railways |
| Karl Marx | Prussian. Author of Communist Manifesto: talked about how class struggle was the force dirving forward progress in history. Class struggle unavoidable. Divided people into haves and have nots. Marxism |
| Friedrich Engels | Friend and collaborator with Marx. Contributed to MArxist political group. |
