| A | B |
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| Clash of Cultures | Description of what occurred between the White settlers, US army, and the Sioux Indians on the Great Plains. |
| Sioux Indians | The largest tribe found on the Great Plains region. The tribe that resisted reservations and clashed with the US calvary. |
| Great Plains | Vast region of grasslands in the middle of the country. Mostly inhibited by Sioux and the buffalo until settlers and the military came in. |
| Bison/Buffalo | Numbered over 50 million in 1800 and by 1899 less than 1,000 will be counted. |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | Author of a Century of Dishonor that described the poor treatment of Native Americans by the US government. |
| "Indian Wars" | Took place from 1864 to 1890. Less than a war more like battles and skirmishes. |
| Colt .45 Revolver and repeating rifle | Changed the nature of contact with the Indians. Arrows could be loaded more quickly until the Colt was invented |
| Buffalo Soldiers | Black soldiers in the US Calvary. Made up 1/5 of the army out west. |
| Sand Creek Massacre | Colonel Chivington massacred 400 Sioux Indians, mostly women and children. |
| Fetterman Massacre | REvenge by the Sioux for Sand Creek. 80 soldiers are killed and their captain, Fetterman. No survivors. Beginning of the Indians Wars. |
| Treaty of Fort Laramie | US federal government agreed to give up the Bozeman Trail construction and the huge Sioux reservation was created. |
| Black Hills Gold | Gold was discovered on the Sioux reservation so the Fort Laramie Treaty only lasted 6 years. |
| Battle of Little Bighorn | Also known as Custer's Last Stand. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse surrounded Custer and his 400 men with over 10,000 Indians. All the US soldiers were killed. |
| Chief Joseph | Led the Nez Perce Tribe and tried to flee to Canada. Stopped at the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain and placed on a reservation. |
| Geronimo | Leds the Apache tribe. Caught and tribe placed on reservations. |
| 5 reasons Indians were subdued | (1) railroads, (2) diseases, (3) lack of buffalo, (4) war, and (5) the loss of their land to white settlement. |
| Buffalo and Railroad | Buffalo were mostly diminshed by the railroads. Killed for sport, hides, or to kill the Indian way of life. |
| Ghost Dance | Dance by the Sioux that called for the spirit warriors to come to their aid against the Us military. Outlawed by the Us government. |
| Battle of Wounded Knee | Really a massacre. 200+ Indians killed for doing the dance. Maked the end of the Indian Wars. |
| End of the Frontier! | 1890- US government announces that the entire west has be catalogued and civilized. |
| Dawes Severalty Act | overall goal was to erase tribes and set the Indians on the road to "becoming white. |
| Carlisle Indian School | opened in 1879 exemplifies the ambitions of the Dawes Act....ASSMILIATION. |
| Comstoke Lode | Silver discovered in Nevada. |
| Bret Harte and Mark Twain | Both authors captured the life of mining in their short stories. |
| Cattle Boom | Caused by the increased demand for meat and food in the growing cities. |
| Business of Beef | Railroads transported cattle to the cities and men became rich by becoming "beef barons." |
| long drive | cowboys driving the cattle from the lower states to the nearest railroad towns like Abilene, Kansas. |
| Wild Wild West | Cattle Towns had a reputation for hard liqour, shoot outs, lawlessness, saloons, and fast women. |
| Wyatt Earp and Wild Bill Hickock | Famous for instituting law and order in the Wild West. |
| End of the Open Range | Invention of barbed wire, railroad construction. Cowboys and long drives only lasted about 20 years. |
| Homestead Act (1862) | offered 160 acres of free land. Settlers only had to pay a small fee and improve the land. 500,000 tokk up the offer. |
| Dry Farming | Tilling in the top layer of dew on the ground. By the 1930's this technique would produce the DUST BOWL. |
| Colorado, Missouri, and Colulmbia Rivers | damned up to provide water to the dry west. |
| Booming Statehood | 7 new states added: North & South Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Washington, and Idaho. |
| Oklahoma Territory | opened by a "land rush" in 1889. Known as the "sooner" state due to the large # of settlers who cheated and went to soon to grab land. |
| Yellowstone Park | First national park. Yosemite and Sequoia parks followed. |
| Turner Thesis | By Frederick Jackson Turner...stated that the frontier had played an important role in American history and in people's psychology. Turner wrote, "American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West." |
| "safety-valve theory" | Idea that the frontier served as a place to go when all else fails. The closing of the frontier meant that the great western cities like Denver and San Francisco became the safety valve for failed farmers and miners. |
| George Caitlin and Frederick Remington | Great painters of the American Frontier. |
| "cash crops" | Not the ones of colonial times. Referred to the idea that farmers once only grew food for themselves, now they grow only to sell and purchase everything else. |
| Catalogs | Invention of the catalog enabled settlers to purchase things from far away and have it shipped to them. Montgomery Ward and Sears both had catalogs. |
| agricutlural technology changes | steam driven plow, combine |
| mega farms | small farmers went into debt for the new fangled equipment, couldn't pay back, lost their farms to emerging mega farms (10,000's of acres.) |
| refrigerator car | invented in the 1880's and California fruits and vegetables began moving eastward. |
| Deflation | Value of the US dollar takes a dive. |
| Railroads | Biggests enemy of Farmers |
| The Grange of National Grange of the Patron of the Husbandry. | 1869, first attempt by the farmers to organize against big business. Oliver Hudson Kelley is the founder |
| Granger Laws | A series of laws pushed by farmers to regulate railroads. |
| Wabash Case | Worked against farmers because the Supreme court stated the states could not regulate interstate trade (meaning the railroads). |
| Farmers' Alliance | 1870's... an organization very similar to the Grangers emerged. Their goals were the same also: to socialize and to push the farmers' agenda. |
| People's Party or Populist Party | Emerged from the Farmer's Alliance. Free unlimited coinage of silver is their most important goal. |
| Coxey's Army | Led by Jacob Coxey...unemployed demanding jobs from the government. |
| Pullman Strike | Railroad strikers led by Eugene Debs. Federal troops violently put down the strike. |
| Election of 1896 | Important because it asked the question Will the U.S. base its money on gold, silver, or both?" |
| William McKinley | Republican nominee of 1896. Leaned toward the godl standard. |
| Mark Hanna | Business man, right hand man to McKinley. |
| William Jennings Bryan | Democrat nominee who "wowed" the convention crowd with his Cross of Gold Speech. |
| Cross of Gold Speech by Bryan | "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." |
| Gold Standard Act (1900) | people could trade in paper money for gold. Just knowing and trusting that meant there was no need to do that. This brought economic calm and stability. |
