| A | B |
|---|
| Cataract | steep river rapids, almost impossible to sail by boat |
| Delta | a triangle-shaped area of land made of soil deposited by a river |
| Menes | an Egyptian leader who united both upper and lower Egypt into one kingdom |
| Pharaoh | ruler of unified Egypt, literally means "great house" |
| Dynasty | a series of rulers from the same family |
| Old Kingdom | the third Egyptian dynasty, which lasted nearly 500 years |
| Khufu | the most famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom |
| Nobles | people from rich and powerful families |
| Afterlife | life after death, a widely held ancient Egyptian belief |
| Mummies | the Egyptian method of preserving dead bodies by wrapping them in cloth |
| Elite | people of wealth and power |
| Pyramids | huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that meet at a top point |
| Engineering | the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes |
| Middle Kingdom | period of stability and order in ancient Egypt between about 2050 and 1750 BC |
| New Kingdom | the height of Egypt's power and glory, between 1550 and 1050 BC |
| Trade Routes | paths followed by traders |
| Queen hatshepsut | New Kingdom ruler renowned for expanding Egyptian trade |
| Ramses the Great | important New Kingdom pharaoh who defended Egypt from invaders and strengthened defenses |
| Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing system, one of the world's first, which used symbols |
| Papyrus | long-lasting, paper-like substance made from reeds |
| Rosetta Stone | a stone slab discovered in 1799 that was inscribed with hieroglyphics and their Greek meanings |
| Sphinxes | huge ancient Egyptian statues of imaginary creatures with the heads of people and bodies of lions |
| Obelisk | a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top |
| King Tutankhamen | a pharaoh whose tomb was untouched by raiders, leaving much information about Egyptian art and burial practices |
| Piankhi | Kushite kings who conquered all of Egypt |
| Trade Network | a system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth |
| Merchants | traders |
| Exports | items sent for sale in other countries or regions |
| Imports | goods brought in from other countries or regions |
| Queen Shanakhdadheto | the first woman to rule Kush |
| King Ezana | Aksumite king who destroyed Meroe and took over the kingdom of Kush |
