| A | B |
|---|
| Atmosphere | The envelope of gases/aerosols and other material that surrounds Earth and is held close by gravity. |
| Character of a Place | Places are parts of Earth's surface endowed with meaning by humans. Each place possesses a set of characteristics that help to distinguish it from other places like climate |
| Commercial Industry | The production of manufactured goods in a market system; Industrial regions of the world are western and central Europe |
| Biosphere | The realm of Earth that includes all plant and animal (including humans) life forms. It is divided into very large biomes or ecosystems made up of specific plants and animals. |
| Command Economy | decisions are made by a central governmental agency or authority. Communism is one example |
| Cottage Industry | Small-scale production of goods for sale in markets. It usually involves producing a good by hand or with low technology at home or in a small village cooperative. |
| Cultural Change | occurs by innovation and diffusion. Groups undergo a process by adopting some of the characteristics of the dominant culture (acculturation). this is a response to a variety of human processes including migration and proximity to other culture groups |
| Cultural Divergence | the process of disassociating cultures |
| Spatial Diffusion | The process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space. |
| Cultural Convergence | occurs when the ideas |
| Cultural Patterns | The human world is composed of culture groups |
| Formal Regions | places with similar features |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | An integrated system of a computer |
| Functional Regions | linked together by a flow of something. For example |
| Global Trade Patterns | When one country needs a resource or product |
| Physical Characteristics | climate |
| Innovation | can be thought of as an original idea or invention |
| Human Characteristics | language |
| Hydrosphere | The water realm of the Earth; including water contained in oceans |
| Landscape | the scenery of a place including the physical and human characteristics. |
| Market Economy | Agriculture in a _____ economy responds to the forces of the market and involves off-farm sales of goods. Farmers produce crops and other foodstuffs based on what the market demands. |
| Natural Resources | air |
| Lithosphere | The uppermost portion of solid Earth It includes soil |
| Market-Oriented Agriculture | economic decisions are determined by laws of supply and demand and the market. Profit is the driving force in a market economy. |
| Primary Economic Activities | those that use natural resources directly like fishing |
| Perceptual Regions | reflect human feelings and attitudes about areas and are shared |
| Secondary Economic Activities | use raw materials to produce or manufacture something new and more valuable like steel |
| Tertiary Economic Activities | those that provide services |
| Push Factors | include negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate from an area like the loss of a job |
| Region | a part of the Earth's surface that is alike or connected in some way. It is used as a tool to help organize the complexity of the Earth's surface. |
| Quaternary Economic Activities | those in which individuals process |
| Pull Factors | the positive attributes perceived to exist at the new location causing people to migrate like jobs |
| Traditional Economy | goods and services are produced by a family for their personal consumption. There is little surplus and little exchange of goods. |
| Subsistence Agriculture | The kind of agriculture practiced most widely around the world |
| Megalopolis | A continuous urban region including several cities; for example |
| Hinterlands | Land at the cities edge that is a mix of urban and rural |
| Shatterbelts | Regions that are frequently at war like The Middle East or Kashmir and Jammu; and regions of frequent civil war |
| Gross Domestic Product | The measure of the output of a countries goods and services calculated on personal consumption |
| Urbanization | The mass movement of people from farms to cities; growth of city into surrounding countryside. |
| Choke Points | A narrow passage |
| Globalization | The process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses. This process has speeded up dramatically in the last two decades as technological advances make it easier for people to travel |
| Cultural Hearth | A place of origin of a major culture; like Mesopotamia |
