| A | B |
|---|
| Interstitial fluid | clear gel that surrounds cells |
| scar tissue | helps hold an organ together but does not restore normal function |
| histological section | thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope |
| what kind of epithelium lines the lungs | simple sqamous |
| What kind of epithelium is specialized for absorption and secretion | simple cuboidal |
| What is the most common tissue in the body | stratified squamous |
| What type of tissue is resistant to abrasion? | stratified squamous |
| what type of tissue allows for rapid transport? | simple squamous |
| What kind of tissue makes up the outer ear? | elastic cartilage |
| What kind of tissue synthesizes triglycerides | adipose tissue |
| hypertrophy | makes muscles look bigger after working out |
| metaplasia | change in epithelium type |
| fibrosis | the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue |
| What type of tissue is the dermis? | dense irregular tissue |
| Pilus | hair |
| lanugo hair | present prenatally |
| vellous hair | present in children |
| hirsutism | excessive hairiness |
| lunule | white part of nail |
| merocrine glands | inhibit bacterial growth, help cool the body |
| What layers of the skin are most susceptible to skin cancer? | spinosum and basale |
| osteogenic cells | bone stem cells |
| osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
| osteoclasts | bone eating cells |
| osteocytes | mature osteoblasts in lacunae |
| Rickets Disease | soft bones that bend easily |
| Osteogensis Imperfecta | brittle bone disease |
| 4 types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous |
| 3 germ layers | epiderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| sectioning | makes a 3-D structure into a 2-D slide |
| simple squamous tissue | allows for rapid transport in the lungs |
| simple cuboidal | lines ducts of glands in places with mucus (like liver, kidney and slavatory glands) |
| simple columnar | *have microvili and goblet cells* in digestive tract, kidney, uterine tubes |
| pseudostratified columnar | has goblet cells |
| stratified squamous | MOST COMMON (found in skin) deepest layers continually undergo mitosis |
| stratified cuboidal | in sweat ducts, testes and uterine folicles |
| transitional epithelium | in bladder, urethra, umbilical cord, and ureter *change from round to flat when stretched* |
| 4 categories of connective tissues | fibrous, adipose, supportive, and fluid |
| fibroblasts | make fibers and ground substances |
| macrophages | engulf foreign material |
| leukocytes | (white blood cells) attack bacteria |
| plasma | secrete antibodies |
| Mast cells | secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dialate blood vessels |
| adipocytes | store tryglycerides |
| loose connective tissue | in ligaments and tendons, areolar and reticular tissue |
| dense connective tissue | regular (lymphnodes) and irregular (in kidney and deep layer of skin) |
| adipose tissue | for energy storage and storing triglycerides |
| cartilage | supportive with rubbery matrix |
| chondrocytes | matured chondroblasts in lacunae |
| chondroblasts | produce matrix |
| excitability | capable of responding to environment (due to membrane potential) |
| dendrite | information reciever |
| axon | information sender |
| 2 excitable tissues | muscle and nervous |
| 4 types of cells junctions | tight, desmosomes, gap, and hemidesmosome |
| Tight junctions | linked by transmembrane proteins |
| desmosomes | similar to snaps |
| gap junctions (communicating junctions) | formed by connexons |
| hemidesmosome | connects cell to basement membrane |
| secretion | secreted to be used in body |
| excretion | secreted to be eliminated |
| endocrine | secretes hormones into blood stream |
| exocrine | has ducts the excrete (ie, tears, sweat, mammary) |
| serous glands | very watery, sweat, mammary |
| mucous glands | produce mucin |
| cytogenic glands | screte whole cells (testes and ovary) |
| apocrine glands | if mixed with bacteria, produce fowl odors |
| holocrine gland | cells accumulate product, then disenegrates |
| 4 types of membranes | cutaneous, mucous, serous, synovial |
| cutaneous membrane | skin |
| mucous membrane | line passages that open to the external environment |
| 3 layers of mucous membrane | epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
| serous membrane | lines cavities, generally simple spquamous on areoular connective tissue |
| synovial membrane | lines joints, secretes synovial fluid |
| hyperplasia | increasing the number of cells |
| hypertrophy | increasing size of the cells |
| neoplasia | development of a tumor |
| metaplasia | changing from one type of tissue to another |
| embryonic stem cells | totipotent |
| adult stem cells | multipotent and unipotent |
| regeneration | tissue repair that restores function |
| fibrosis | tissue repair that uses scar tissue and full function is not restored |
| atrophy | tissue death from reduction of number of cells |
| senile atrophy | atrophy from normal aging |
| disuse atrophy | tissue death from lack of use |
| necrosis | tissue death from traumatic injury (infarction or gangrene) |
| infarction | sudden death due to lack of blood flow |
| gangrene | due to prolonged decrease of blood flow |
| apoptosis | programmed cells death |
| dendritic cells | immune cells of the skin |
| melanocytes | (in basale) produce skin color |
| stratum cornuem | cells contain keratin |
| stratum lucidum | only in thick skin, eleidin |
| stratum granulosum | keratohyalin granules |
| stratum spinosum | keratinocytes and dendritic cells (1st place of keratin) |
| 3 skin color pigments | melanin, hemoglobin, carotene |
| melanin | black, polymer of tyrosine, in basale and spinosum |
| hemoglobin | red |
| carotene | yellow, from veggies, in corneum and hypodermis |
| cyanosis | blueness of the skin due to a lack of oxygen |
| erythema | abnormal redness of the skin |
| pallor | pale or ashen skin from too little blood flow |
| albinism | lack of melanin (deficit of tyrosinase) |
| jaundice | yellowing of skin and sclera (acess of bilirubin) |
| hematoma | bruise |
| inside of the hair: | medulla, cortex, cuticle |
| 3 hair types | lanugo, vellus, terminal |
| lanugo hair | fine hair, prenatal |
| vellus hair | children and adults |
| terminal hair | longer, coarser hair |
| Brown Hair | rich in eumelanin |
| Red Hair | more pheomelanin but had eumelanin |
| gray and white hair | lack of melanin |
| 3 Stages of hair cycle | anagen, catagen, telogen |
| alopecia | thinning of the hair, balding |
| hyponychium | epidermis of nail bed |
| eponychium | cuticle |
| 3 types of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma |
| eschar | burned/dead tissue |
| autograft | skin graft from themselves |
| isograft | skin graft from an identical twin |
| temporary graft (three types) | homograft, heterograft, artificial graft |
| homograft | from unrelated person |
| heterograft | from another species |
| artificial | skin from silicon and collagen |
| diaphysis | shaft of the bone |
| epiphysis | head of the bone |
| medullary cavity | marrow cavity |
| periosteum | external sheath that covers bone, layer of collagen and layer of bone forming cells |
| endosteum | lining of medullary cavity |
| epiphyseal plate | (growth plate) area of hyaline cartilage |
| diploe | spongy layer in cranium |
| Rickets | soft bones |
| osteogenesis imperfecta | brittle bone disease |
| red marrow | myeloid tissue, hemopoietic tissue (produces blood cells) |
| yellow marrow | (found more as you age) red bone marrow that is replaced with fat cells |
| 2 ways of bone development | intramembranous ossification and encochondral ossification |
| intramembranous ossification | replacement of embryonic connective tissue |
| endochondral ossification | replacement of cartilage |
