| A | B |
|---|
| learning | Lasting change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice or other past experience |
| reflex | does not require previous experience or practice; ie swallowing, digesting, blinking |
| habituation | adaptation to a constant stimulus; learned so well, seems reflexive |
| classical conditioning | learning situation in which a certain stimulus brings forth a response that it did not previously evoke |
| Ivan Pavlov | studied dogs reflex and learning; psychologist associated with classical conditioning |
| neutral stimulus | stimulus which evokes no response |
| unconditional stimulus (UCS) | stimuls which leads to a certain response without previous training |
| unconditional response (UCR) | response which occurs natuarally and automatically when UCS is presented |
| conditioned stimulus(CS) | a neutral stimulus which after training leads to a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | a learned response which occurs when CS is presented |
| acquisition | strengthen CR by combining CS and UCS |
| trace conditioning | occurs when CS is presented and terminated before UCS is presented |
| delay conditioning | CS presented and continues at least until the UCS is presented |
| simultaneous conditioning | CS and UCS are presented and terminated at the same time |
| backward conditioning | UCS presented before CS |
| Rescorla and Wagner | believed that CS actually predicts UCS |
| higher order/secondary conditioning | a new CS2 is presented with CS, to produce a CR; CS2 was never paired with the UCS |
| counter/avoidance conditioning | UCS-CS relationship in which the use of conditioning gets rid of undesirable behavior |
| Conditional emotional response (CER) | train someone to feel emotions |
| Conditioned taste aversion (CTA)/Garcia effect | train to not like certain foods |
| generalization | when organism responds to stimuli similar to the one it has been conditioned to |
| discrimination | ability to respond to distinct stimuli; established by reinforcing desired response but withholding reinforcement for generalized responses |
| extinction | cs presented several times without ucs |
| spontaneous recovery | reappearance of CR without reinforcement after a period of extinction |
| Watson | experimented with conditioning "Baby Albert" |
| Mary Cover Jones | counter conditioned emotions |
| Law of Effect | reinforcement determines response |
| BF Skinner | renames instrumental conditioning to operant conditioning |
| operant conditioning | strengthening of a stimulus-response relationship by following a response with reinforcement-learing through consequences of behavior |
| Reinforcement | pay-off from response; reward |
| positive reinforcement | give someone something they want to strengthen behavior |
| negative reinforcement | take away something person did not want to strenthen a behavior |
| punishment | decrease of stop behavior by giving something one does not want or taking away something one does want; positive or negative |
| principle of contingency | do not punish unless done something bad |
| principle of immediacy | punishment must take place immediately |
| principle of size | punishment must be big enough to count |
| principle of satiation | optimum level of punishment |
| behavior modification | use operant conditioning to change observable behavior |
| baseline | the starting point |
| Premack principle | self-behavior modification; rewarding self for things that you did but did not want to do |
| shaping | teaching responses by reinforcing their successive approximations closer to goal (reward each step closer) |
| chaining | teaching series of responses; each response is reinforcement for next response (must do each step); forward and backward |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforce person every time they give response; leads to quick learning but once reinforcement stops, learning stops |
| intermittent reinforcement | does not happen continuously and takes longer for subject to respond, but learning stays longer |
| fixed ratio | reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses |
| variable ratio | number of responses between reinforcement varies; highest rate of responding |
| fixed interval | responses reinforced after a fixed period of time as long as one correct response is given; lowest yield of performance |
| variable interval | time between reinforcement varies throughout the procedure |
| cognitive learning | unobservable mental activity including attention perceiving, thinking and memory |
| Kohler | insight learning theory ("A-ha experience) |
| Tolman | latent learning, learning isn't revealed until an incentive is provided |
| cognitive maps | mental schema to get from point A to point B |
| A. Bandura | Social Learning Theory |
| Social Learning Theory | one learns through modeling; watch and imitate; model those that are rewarded |
| Baby Albert | study by Watson which demonstrated generalization |
| instrumental conditioning | precursor to operant conditioning; cat in puzzle box; learns from consequences of behavior |
| Thorndike | established instrumental conditioning |
| omission training | negative punishment; don't give subject what he wants |
| instinctive drift | tendency of animals to forgo rewards and pursue typical behaviors |
