| A | B |
|---|
| nucleus | control center of the cell |
| ribosomes | protein factories for the cell |
| chromosome | coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division |
| DNA | hereditary material that controls all activities of the cell, contains information to make new cells and provides instructions for making proteins |
| Double Helix | the name for the shape of DNA |
| Nucleotide | a subunit of DNA consisting of a sugar, a phosphate and a base |
| adenine | one of four nucleotide bases; pairs with thymine |
| thymine | one of four nucleotide bases; pairs with adenine |
| cytosine | one of four nucleotide bases; pairs with guanine |
| guanine | one of four nucleotide bases; pairs with cytosine |
| amino acid | chemicals that make up proteins (3 bases code for this) |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring that occurs in all living things |
| gene | a segment of DNA that carries hereditary information and is passed from parent to offspring; located on chromosomes |
| trait | a physical characteristic that is determined by DNA |
| identical | twins that share 100% of the same DNA |
| conjoined | identical twins that fail to split after 12 days post-conception |
| fraternal | twins that do not share the same DNA |
| mutation | a change in the order of the bases in an organism's DNA |
| deletion mutation | a type of mutation; when a base is left out |
| substitution mutation | a type of mutation; when a base is replaced by another base |
| insertion mutation | a type of mutation; when a base is added in to the DNA strand |
| inherited mutation | one way DNA is mutated; occurs in a gamete and can be passed from parent to child |
| acquired mutation | one way DNA is mutated; occurs in a somatic cell and is NOT passed from parent to offspring |
| gametes | sex cells (sperm and egg) |
| mutagen | anything that can cause a mutation in DNA; radiation or UV light |
| genotype | the inherited combination of alleles; represented with 2 letters |
| phenotype | how a trait physically shows up in an organism |
| alleles | different forms of a single gene |
| heterozygous | inherited two different alleles for a trait; hybrid |
| homozygous | inherited two of the same allele for a trait; pure |
| dominant | the trait that is stronger; can overpower the other trait |
| recessive | the weaker trait; can be hidden |
| incomplete dominance | when the dominant trait is not totally dominant over the other; both traits have some degree of influence |
| codominance | when both traits are dominant, and they both appear completely in the hybrid |
| rosalind franklin | created the first images of DNA using x-ray diffraction |
| watson and crick | constructed models of DNA and discovered the structure of DNA |
| gregor mendel | the father of genetics; a monk who studied pea plants diligently |
| sickle cell disease | genetic mutation that causes red blood cells to become misshapen, resulting in lack of oxygen to the body's cells |
| muscular dystrophy | genetic mutation which results in deterioration of muscle cells; occurs mostly in boys |
| huntingon disease | genetic mutation with causes the deterioration of brain cells; causes changes to mood and memory |
| down syndrome | trisomy 21; genetic disorder that is caused by an extra 21st chromosome; causes mental and physical developmental delays |
| hemophilia | genetic blood disorder; blood lacks a protein that helps the blood clot; bruising and bleeding is common |
| colorblindness | genetic mutation that causes difficulty distinguishing between shades of certain colors |
| DNA polymerase | the DNA repair enzyme which repairs most mutations before they can become permanent |
