| A | B |
|---|
| catholicism | the religion of the Catholic church |
| viceroys | Royal governors sent by Spain to rule in the King's name |
| conservative | usually wealthy property owners and nobility; argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe |
| Count Cavour | Italian nationalist who worked to unify northern Italy |
| creoles | descendants of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status |
| discontent | wanting something better than the present situation |
| domination | control or rule by strength or power |
| Father Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed |
| Franco-Prussian War | war between France and Prussia in 1870-1871; led to the creation of the German state |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian nationalist who captured Sicily, responsible for uniting Southern Italy to Northern Italy |
| independence movement | an organized group trying to obtain freedom from another nation |
| James Monroe | 5th President of the U.S. from 1817-1825; declared Monroe Doctrine to keep foreign powers out of the U.S. |
| balance of power | the distribution of power among nations so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with another |
| legislative | having to do with the law or lawmaking |
| legitimacy | popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority |
| liberal | mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants; wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote |
| liberate | to set free |
| mestizos | people of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry |
| Monroe Doctrine | a statement of foreign policy from the United States alerting European powers that the American continents should not be considered for any future colonization |
| Napoleonic Code | a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon |
| nation-states | an independent country where the people share a common culture, history, and language |
| nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Otto von Bismarck | led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings |
| Papal States | a territory in Italy, previously under control of the Pope, which included the city of Rome; conquered in 1870 by Pepin the Short |
| realpolitik | term used to describe Otto von Bismarck's actions during his reign; justified all means to achieve and hold power |
| Simon Bolivar | Nicknamed the Liberator; he led revolutions against the Spanish in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia |
| tension | a force that pulls apart |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French |
| unification | the joining of separate parts into one |
| Congress of Vienna | meeting of European leaders that tried to restore the old monarchies and territorial divisions that had existed before the French Revolution |
