| A | B |
|---|
| inflammation of the cornea | keratitis |
| pupils are unequal in size | anisocoria |
| pain in the ear | otalgia |
| night blindness | nyctalopia |
| change in eyes with aging | presbyopia |
| drying of eye surfaces characterized by loss of luster of the conjunctivia and cornea | xeropthalmia |
| pus in the middle ear | purulent otitis media |
| turning inward of the edge of the eyelid | entropion |
| structure determines amt of light that enters the eye | pupil |
| loss of transparency of the lens | cataract |
| abnormal discharge from the ear | otorrhea |
| infedtion of one or more glands at the border of the eyelid | hordeolum |
| medical term for nearsightedness | myopia |
| word part meaning eardrum | tympan/o |
| substance secreted by glands that line the external auditory canal (earwax) | cerumen |
| word part meaning white of the eye | scler/o |
| word part meaning vision condition | -opia |
| structure that lies between the outer ear and the middle ear (eardrum) | tympanic membrane |
| term describes the condition of involuntary, constant rhythmic movement of the eyeball | nystagmus |
| hearing loss caused by repeated exposure to vbery intense noise | noise induced |
| inflammation of the tympanic membrane | myringitis |
| hearing loss is progressive and associated with aging | presbycusis |
| test measures intraocular pressure | tonometry |
| term indicates a dimness of vision | ametropia |
| term means a person that is color-blind | monochromatism |
| term means a fungal infection of external auditory canal (swimmer's ear) | atomycosis |
| condition characterized by outward deviation of one eye relative to the other | exotropia |
| medical doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating disease and disorders of the eye | opthalmologist |
| term describes a condition characterized by increased IOP | glaucoma |
| term indicates the drooping of the upper eyelid | blepharoptosis |
| term indicates a person is cross-eyed | esotropia |
| medical term indicating a ringing sound in the ear | tinnitis |
| term means surgical puncture of the eardrum to remove fluid from middle ear | tympanocentesis |
| condition known as double vision | diplopia |
| term means inflammation of the iris | iritis |
| abbreviation for right eye | OD |
| term describes a defect where there is blindness in one half of the visual field | hemianopia |
| word part meaning false | pseudo/o |
| term describes the sense of whirling, dizziness, and loss of balance | vertigo |
| inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye) | conjunctivitis |
| term means the appendages of accessory structures of an organ | adnexa |
| word part meaning old age | presby/o |
| medical term indicating the inflammation of any part of the mastoid process | mastoiditis |
| specializes in measurement of hearing function and rehab of persons with hearing impairments | audiologists |
| term indicates the inflammation of the Eustachian tube | eustachitis |
| word part meaning turn | trop/o |
| diagnostic test to measure hearing | audiometry |
| word part meaning ear | ot/o |
| term is a condition where the eye does not focus properly due to unequal curvatures of the cornea | astigmatism |
| test to diagnose meningitis | LP (lumbar puncture) |
| audiologist | specializes in the measurement of hearing function and the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments |
| aphthalmologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eye |
| optometrist | holds a Doctor of Optometry (OD) degree and specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses or eyeglasses are needed |
| otolaryngologist | physician who specializes in the care of the ears, nose, and throat |
| opt/o | vision |
| optic | pertaining to the eye or sight |
| ocular | pertaining to the eye |
| extraocular | outside the eyeball |
| intraocular | within the eyeball |
| auditory | pertaining to the sense of hearing |
| acoustic | relating to sound or hearing |
| adnexa (adnexa oculi | includes the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus |
| adnexa | appendages or accessory structures of an organ |
| orbit (eye socket) | bony cavity of the skull that contains and protets the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves |
| binocular | the use of both eyes working together |
| upper and lower eyelids | protect the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light, and impact |
| canthus | angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet |
| inner canthus | where the eyelids meet nearest the nose |
| epicanthus | vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose |
| tarsus (tarsal plate) | platelike framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides stiffness and shape |
| eyebrows and eyelashes | prevent foreign matter from reaching the eyes |
| cilia | eyelashes |
| conjunctiva | mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball |
| lacrimal apparatus (tear apparatus) | consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears |
| lacrimal glands | located above the outer corner of each eye; secrete lacrimal fluid (tears) that maintains moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball |
| lacrimation | normal continuous secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands |
| lacrimal canaliculi | ducts at the inner corner of each eye; they collect tears and drain them into the lacrimal sac |
| lacrimal sac (dacryocyst) or (tear sac) | enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct |
| lacrimal duct (nasolacrimal duct) | is the passageway that drains lacrimal fluid into the nose |
| eyeball (globe) | is a one-inch sphere with walls made up of three layers; the sclera, choroid, and the retina; the interior of the eye is dividied into anterior and posterior segments |
| slcera (white of the eye) | fibrous tissue outer layer of the eye; it maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue |
| cornea | transparent anterior portion of the sclera; it provides most of the optical power of the eye |
| uveal tract (uvea) | vascular layer of the eye; it includes the choroid, iris, and ciliary body |
| choroid (choroid layer) or (choroid coat) | opaque middle layer of the eyeball; the choroid contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye |
| opaque | light cannot pass thru this substance |
| iris | pigmented (colored) muscular layer that surrounds the pupil |
| pupil | black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye; muscles in the iris control the amt of light that is allowed to enter |
| To decrease the amt of light that enters the iris | the circular muscles contract and make the opeining smaller |
| To increase the amt of light that enters the iris | the muscles dilate (relax) and make the opening larger |
| lens (crystalline lens) | clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina; held in place by the suspensory ligaments from the ciliary body; is contained within a clear capsule and is located behind the iris and pupil |
| ciliary body | located within the choroid, is a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina |
| retina | sensitive inner nerve layer of the eye located between the posterior chamber and the choroid layer at the back of the eye; contains specialized light-sensitive cells called rods (black and white receptors) and cones (color receptors) |
| macula lutea | clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina; this is the area of sharpest central vision |
| fovea centralis | pit in the middle of the macula lutea; color vision is best in this area because it contains a high concentration of cones |
| optic disk (blind spot) | region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve; it is called the blind spot because it does not contain any rods or cones |
| anterior chamber | located behind the inner surface of the cornea and in front of the iris |
| posterior chamber | locateed between the back of the iris and the front of the lens |
| humor | any clear body liquid or semifluid substance |
| intraocular pressure (IOP) | between 12 and 21 mm Hg |
| posterior 2/3s of the eyeball is filled with | vitreous humor (vitreous gel) which is soft, clear, jellylike mass which aids the eye in maintaining its shape |
| Accommodation | process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances; the adjustments include constriction (narrowing) and dilation (widening)of the pupil, movement of the eyes, and changes in the shape of the lens |
| Convergence | simultaneous inward movement of the two eyes (toward each other) usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer |
| Emmetropia | normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina |
| emmetr | in proper measure |
| opia | vision condition |
| Refraction | the ability of the lens to bend the light rays to help them focus on the retina |
| Visual acuity | the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance; normal vision is stated as 20/20 |
| Snellen chart | used to measure vusual acuity; the results are recorded as 2 numbers in fraction form |
| first number | indicates the distance from the chart (standard is 20 feet) |
| second number | indicates the deviation from the norm based on the ability to read lines of letters on the chart |
| Blepharoptosis | drooping of the upper eyelid |
| ptosis | drooping or sagging |
| blephar/o | eyelid |
| Ecgtropion | the eversion (turning outward) of the edge of the eyelid |
| ec | means out |
| trop | turn |
| ion | condition |
| Entropion | inversion (turning inward) of the edge of the eyelid |
| hordeolum (stye) | an infection of one or more glands at the border of the eyelid |
| chalazion (internal hordeolum) | localized swellin of the eyelid resulting from obstruction of one of the sebaceous (oil-producing) glands of the eyelid |
| Dacryocystitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac and is associated with faulty tear drainage |
| dacryocyst | tear sac |
| Conjunctivitis (pinkeye) | inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| Xerophthalmia (dry eye) | drying of eye surfaces characterized by the loss of luster of the conjunctiva and cornea |
| Scleritis | inflammation of the sclera |
| Keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| corneal abrasion | injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea |
| corneal ulcer | pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury; they heal with treatment, but they may leave a cloudy scar that impairs vision |
| Iritis | inflammation of the iris |
| Synechia | adhesion that binds the iris to any adjacent structure |
| adhesion | holds structures together abnormally |
| Anisocoria | condition in which the pupils are unequal in size |
| anis/o | unequal |
| cor | pupil |
| cataract | loss of transparency of the lens; may be congenital or caused by trauma or disease; most are associated with aging |
| Choked disk (papilledema) | swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance thru the optic disk; is caused by increased intracranial pressure (IOP) and may be due to a tumor pressing on the optic nerve |
| Floaters (vitreous floaters) | particles that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina; these occur normally with aging or in association with vitreous detachments, reginal tears, or intraocular inflammations |
| Nystagmus | an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball |
| retinal detachment (detached retina) | the retina is pulled away from its normal position of being attached to the choroid in the back of the eye |
| retinal tear | occurs when the retina tears (develops a hole) as it is pulled away from its normal position |
| Uveitis | inflammation anywhere in the uveal tract; may affect the choroid, iris, or ciliary body and has many possible causes, including diseases elsewhere in the body; can rapidly damage the eye and produce complications including cataracts, detached retina, and glaucoma |
| Glaucoma | group of diseases characterized by (IOP) resulting in damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers; if left untreated, it damages the optic nerve and causes loss of peripheral vision and blindness |
| open-angle glaucoma | most common form where the trabecular meshwork becomes blocked |
| closed-angle glaucoma | opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork; may cause a sudden IOP and produce severe pain, nausea, redness of the eye, and blurred vision; without immediate treatment, blindness may occur in 2 days |
| Macular degeneration (age-related macular degeneration) (AMD) | gradually progressive condition that resutls in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness; most frequently affects older people |
| Dry type macular degeneration | accounts for 90 percent of cases is caused by the atrophy (deterioration) of the macula |
| Wet type macular degeneration | associated with the formation of new blood vessels that produce small hemorrhages |
| Diplopia (double vision) | the perception ot two images of a single object |
| Hemianopia | blindness in one half of the visula field |
| Monochromatism (color blindness) | lack of the ability to distinguish colors |
| Nyctalopia (night blindness) | condition in which the individual has difficulty seeing at night |
| Presbyopia | changes in the eyes that occur with aging |
| Strabismus (squint) | disorder where the eys cannot be directed in a parallel manner toward the same object |
| Esotropia (cross-eyes) | is strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one eye in relation to the other |
| Exotropia (walleye) | strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other |
| refractive disorder | condition in which the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina |
| Ametropia | any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina |
| ametr | out of proportion |
| Astigmatism | condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea |
| Hyperopia (farsightedness) | defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina |
| Myopia (nearsightedness) | defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina; condition occurs most commonly in school-aged children |
| Amblyopia | dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye |
| Blindness | inability to see (20/200 or less) |
| Scotoma (blind spot) | an abnormal area of absent or depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision |
| Visual acuity measurement | an evaluation of the eye's ability to distinguish object details and shape |
| Refraction | an examination procedure to determine an eye's refractive error and the best corrective lenses to be prescribed |
| diopter | a unit of measurement of lens refractive power |
| Tonometry | measures intraocular pressure (IOP); abnormally high pressure may indicate glaucoma |
| dilation | artificial enlargement of an opening |
| mydriatic drops | produce temporary paralysis which forces the pupils to remain wide open even in the prescence of bright light |
| Fluorescein staining | used to visualize a corneal abrasion (injury); when the stain is applied, corneal abrasions are stained bright green |
| intravenous fluorescein angiography | a dye is injected into a vein in the arm and pictures are taken as the dye passes thru the blood vessels in the retina; allows the examiner to detect leaking blood vessels within the eye |
| visual field test | used to determine losses in peripheral vision |
| Orbitotomy | surgical incision into the orbit for biopsy, abscess drainage, or the removal of a tumor mass or foreign object |
| tarsectomy | surgical removal of a segment of the tarsal plate of the upper or lower eyelid |
| Tarsorrhaphy | partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids; performed to provide protection to the eye when the lids are paralyzed and unable to close normally |
| Conjunctivoplasty | surgical repair of the conjunctiva |
| corneal transplant (keratoplasty) | surgical replacement of scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor |
| iridectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the iris tissue |
| Radial keratotomy (RK) | used to correct myopia; incisions made partially thru the cornea cause it to flatten |
| Lensectomy | surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens |
| Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) | removal of a cloudy lens that leaves the posterior lens capsule intact |
| Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) | removal of a cloudy lens including the surrounding capsule |
| Phacoemulsification | use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and break up a cataract making it easier to remove |
| intraocular lens (IOL) | plastic lens that is surgically implanted to replace the natural lens |
| Aphakia | absence of the lens of an eye after cataract extraction |
| Pseudophakia | eye in which the natural lens is replaced with an IOL |
| laser trabeculoplasty | used to treat open-angle glaucoma; creates an opening that allows fluid to drain properly to prevent pressure buildup within the eye |
| laser iridotomy | used to treat closed-angle glaucoma; creates an opening in the iris to allow proper drainage |
| pinna (auricle) | external portion of the ear; is the structure that catches sound waves and transmits them into the external auditory canal |
| external auditory canal | transmits sound waves from the pinna to the middle ear |
| Cerumen (earwax) | is secreted by ceruminous glands that line the auditory canal; is sticky yellow-brown substance that has protective functions as it traps small insects, dust, debris, and bacteria to prevent them from entering the middle ear |
| tympanic membrane (eardrum) | located between the outer and middle ear |
| auditory ossicles | 3 small bones found in the middle ear; transmit the sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear by vibration; named for their shapes; 1. malleus, 2. incus, 3. stapes |
| eustachian tubes (auditory tubes) | narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasopharynx, equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with that of the outside atmosphere |
| inner ear (labyrinth) | contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance |
| oval window | located under the base of the stapes; is the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear |
| cochlea | spiral passage that leads from the oval window |
| cochlear duct | located with the cochlea; is filled with fluid that vibrates when the sound waves strike it |
| organ of Corti | located within the cochlea; is the receptor site that receives these vibrations and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers which transmit them to the auditory center of the cerebral cortex where they are interpreted and heard |
| semicircular canals | located within the inner ear, contain endolymph and sensitive hairlike cells |
| equilibrium | state of balance |
| acoustic nerves (cranial nerve VIII) | transmit information to the brain and the brain sends messages to muscles in all parts of the body to ensure that equilibrium is maintained |
| air conduction | sound waves enter the ear thru the pinna, travel down the auditory canal, and strike the tympanic membrane between the outer and middle ear |
| bone conduction | as the eardrum vibrates, it moves the auditory ossicles and they conduct sound waves thru the middle ear |
| sensorineural conduction | sound vibrations reach the inner ear via the oval window; these structures receive the sound waves and relay them to the brain |
| Impacted cerumen | an accumulation of cerumen that forms a solid mass adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal |
| impacted | lodged or wedged firmly in place |
| Otalgia (earache | pain in the ear |
| Otitis | inflammation of the ear; the second term after otitis gives the location of the inflammation |
| Otitis externa | inflammation of the outer ear |
| Otomycosis (swimmer's ear) | fungal infection of the external auditory canal |
| Otopyorrhea | flow of pus from the ear |
| Otorrhagia | bleeding from the ear |
| Eustachitis | inflammation of the eustachian tube |
| Mastoiditis | inflammation of any part of the mastoid process |
| Myringitis | inflammation of the tympanic membrane |
| Otosclerosis | ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear resulting in a conductive hearing loss |
| ankylosis | fused together |
| Patulous eustachian tube | distention of the eustachian tube |
| patulous | extended, spread wide open |
| Acute otitis media (AOM) | inflammation of the middle ear usually associated with an upper respiratory infection that is most commonly seen in young children |
| Serous otitis media (SOM) | fluid buildup in the middle ear that may follow acute otitis media or be caused by an obstruction of the eustachian tube |
| effusion | escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or a cavity |
| Purulent otitis media | buildup of pus within the middle ear |
| Labyrinthitis | inflammation of the labyrinth that may result in vertigo and deafness |
| Vertigo | symptom of several conditions; described as a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance |
| Meniere's syndrome | chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by 3 main symptoms: attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss (usually in one ear), and tinnitus |
| Tinnitus | ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in the ears |
| Deafness | complete or partial loss of the ability to hear |
| conductive hearing loss | outer or middle ear does not conduct sound vibrations to the inner ear normally |
| noise-induced hearing loss | reult of the loss of sensitive hairlike cells of the inner ear; most commonly caused by repeated exposure to very intense noise |
| sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness) | symptom of problems affecting the inner ear |
| Presbycusis | progressive hearing loss occuring in old age |
| presby | old age |
| Audiometry | the use of an audiometer to measure hearing |
| audiometer | an electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a known frequency and intensity |
| Speech audiometry | measures the threshold of speech reception (hearing speech sounds) and speech discrimination (understanding speech sounds) |
| evoked potential audiometer | an instrument that detects response to sound stimuli by changes in the electroencephalogram |
| Tympanometry | indirect measurement of acoustical energy absorbed or reflected by the middle ear |
| Monaural | testing involves one ear |
| Binaural | testing involves both ears |
| Otoplasty | surgical repair of the pinna of the ear |
| mastoidectomy | surgical removal of mastoid cells |
| myringectomy (tympanectomy) | surgical removal of all or part of the tympanic membrane |
| myringotomy | surgical incision of the eardrum to create an opening for the placement of tympanostomy tubes |
| Tympanostomy tubes (pediatric ear tubes) | tiny ventilating tubes placed thru the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after ear infections |
| Tympanocentesis | surgical puncture of the tympanic membrane with a needle to remove fluid from the middle ear |
| Tympanoplasty | surgical correction of a damaged middle ear |
| stapedectomy | surgical removal of the stapes |
| fenestration | surgical procedure in which a new opening is made in the labyrinth of the inner ear to restore hearing |
| labyrinthectomy | surgical removal of the labyrinth |
| labyrinthototmy | surgical incision into the labyrinth |
