| A | B |
|---|
| what are the four types of lipids? | fatty acids, glycerides, complex lipids, and nonglycerides |
| lipids have three functions what are they? | 1.cell membrane structure 2. energy storage 3. hormones and vitamins |
| what does cell membrane structure do? | creates a barrier for the cell, and controls flow of materials |
| what is energy storage? | fats stored in adipose tissue |
| hormones do what? | communicate between cells |
| vitamins do what? | assist in the regulation of biological processes |
| fatty acid structure is what? | long chain monocarboxylic acids |
| fatty acids always have an even or odd number of carbons? | even |
| wnats saturated mean? | no double bonds btwn carbons |
| whats unsaturated mean? | one or more double bonds btwn carbons |
| are double bonds cis or trans? | cis |
| presense of double bonds raises or lowers melting point? | lowers |
| the most common addition of unsaturated fatty acids is | hydrogenation |
| all of these are unsaturated | eicosanoids |
| eicosanoids have how many carbons? | 20 |
| what are the two essential eicosanoids | linolenic acid and linoleic acid |
| what are the three groups of eicosanoids | prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes |
| what is originally isolated from seminal fluid? | prostaglandins |
| what is derived from arachidonic acid? | Prostaglandins |
| biological effects of prostaglandin include? (8) | 1.stimulates smooth muscles 2. regulates steriod production 3. inhibits gastric secretion 4. inhibits hormones 5.stimulates plate aggregation 6.regulates nerve transmission 7. senses pain 8. mediates inflammatory response |
| thromboxane A2 | produced by platelets in blood, stimulates constriction of blood vessels, aggregates platelets |
| prostacyclin | produced by cells that line blood vessels, reverses effects of thromboxane a2 |
| Aspirin therapy | acts as an anticoagulent, antiplatlet aggregation |
| inflammatory response does what? | is a protectice mechanism when tissue is damagaged, results in swelling,redness, fever, and pain |
| what promotes inflammatory response | prostaglandins |
| what does aspirin and ibuprofen do? | anti-inflmmatory, block prostaglandin synthesis, and causes reduction in response |
| tylenol | antigesic, not an anti-inflammatory |
| what contractions in the reproduction system do prostaglandins stimulate? | uterine contractions |
| What is Dysmenorrhea? what is it caused from? and whats the cure for it? | it is painful menstruation, which is caused by excess prostaglandins, and physicians order motrin for this |
| what do prostaglandins secrete in the stomach? | hydrochloric acid |
| prostaglandins increase secretion in the mucous layer which protects what? | it protects mucosa from acid invasion |
| asprin inhibits what? | prostaglandin production |
| prostaglandin in the kindeys causes what, and aids in what? | causes renal blood vessels to dialate AND aids in excretion of water and electrolytes |
| what is produced in the lungs by prostaglandins | leukotrienes |
| prostaglandins in the respiratoy track cause constriction of bronchi resulting in | asthma |
| what is neutral glycerides? | an ester of glycerol and a fatty acid |
| what is the principal function of glycerides | energy storage, (fat or oil) |
| glycerides may have 3 fatty acids but they must not be... | the same |
| fats and oils are | triglycerides |
| fats are obtained from? are what at room temp? and are made from? | obtained from animals, are solid at room temp and are made from saturated fatty acids |
| Oils are obtained from? Are what at room temp? And are made from ? | Plants, liquid at room temp and are from unsaturated fatty acids |
| What is saponification | Soap formation |
| Esters can undergo hydrolysis if what is present | Lipase |
| Under basic conditions what does the reaction of fats and oils make? | Long-chain carboxylate salts |
| Carboxylates have what kind of tails and heads? | Non-polar tails and ionic heads! |
| What part of soap dissolves in oil? | Non polar tail |
| What part of soap is attracted to water | Polar heads |
| Waxes are soluble or insouble? And can they hydrolysis | Insoluble and are hard to hydrolysis |
| Waxes are used for what? | To provide a protective coating |
| What are examples of protective coatings? | Beeswax and sebum |
| Waxes are an ester of what? | A fatty acid and alcohol |
| What are phosphoglycerides? | Lipids that contain a phosphate group, modified fat where a phosphate replaces one of the fatty acid chains |
| Uses such as cell membanes, Michelle formation and emulsifying agent in ice cream, chocolate and margarine is of what? | Phosphoglycerides |
| Lecithins are a type of what? | Phospholipid |
| What is the positive charged quaternary amine called in Lecithins? | Choline |
| Lechtins have the same use as? | Phosphoglycerides |
| All lectithins contain? | Choline |
| The polar head of a phosphoglyceride is called ? | Phosphatidylcholine |
| Cephalins have what group instead of choline | They have a ethanol amine or define group |
| Cephalins are found in where? | Cell membranes |
| Brain tissue is the most abundant? | Cephalin |
| Cephalins found in platelets do what? | Play a role in blood clotting |
| Non glycerol lipids are called | Sphingolipids |
| Sphingolipids are derived from fatnT/F | False |
| What is the primary use of Sphingolipids? | Nerve tissue-myelin sheath |
| What percent of lipids in people are Sphingolipids? | 25% |
| Glycolipids are another class of? | Sphingolipids |
| Glycolipids contain whAt? | A carbohydrate, usually a monosaccharide like glucose or galactose |
| An abundance of glycolipids is called? | Cerebrosides |
| What is the affected organ And lipid accumulated in Tay-Sachs disease | Brain, glycolipid |
| What is the affected organ And lipid accumulated in gauchers disease? | Liver/spleen , Cerebrosides with glucose |
| What is the affected organ And lipid accumulated in Niemann-Pick | Liver/spleen/, sphingomyelins |
| What are steroids | A broad class of compounds that all have the same structure |
| Chlorestorol is the principal membrane lipid for? | Fluidity |
| What is cholesterol? | Hardening of arteries |
| Plaque formation is what? | Coating arteries |
| Increased blood pressure is from what? | Narrowing arteries, reduced stretch ability, clot formation, myocardial infarction and stroke |
| Some reproductive hormones are? | Steroids |
| Cortisone is what? | Associated with biological processes, metabolism of carbohydrates |
| What are complex lipids? | Lipids bound to other molecules, combination results in structure |
| What are the four main classes of plasma lipoproteins? | Chylomicrons, low density lypoproteins, very low density lypoproteins and high density lypoproteins |
| What is a lipid bilayer | Cell and organelle membranes are composed of two layers |
| Are membranes static or no static | Not static |
| Layers move over each other based upon what? | Percent of unsaturated fatty acids |
| What are peripheral membrane proteins | Bound to one side of membrane |
| Integral membrane proteins are what? | Embbed within the protein |
| What types of proteins can move on the surface of a cell | Integral and peripheral |
| What controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell? | Cell membrane |
| What is most transport controlled by? | Integral membrane transport proteins |
| When small molecules pass through membrane on their own it is called | Passive transport |
| When larger molecules and ions require energy to pass through a membrane it's called... | Active transport |
| Entropy is the driving force of what? | Passive transport |
| What is the goal of entropy | Equal concentrations on both sides of a membrane |
| Facilitated diffusion/ permeates | Specific protein transports materials across a membrane |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of a solvent from a dilute solution through. Semipermeable membrane to a more concentrated one |
| Isotonic vs. hypertonic vs, hypotonic | Isotonic- conc. same on both sides/ hypertonic- greater on the inside/ hypotonic- concentration greater on outside |
| Crenation vs. hemolysis | Crenation is when water is drawn out of a cell, and hemolysis is when water is drawn into a cell |
| Active transport | When a cell must expand energy to move needed materials across a membrane |
| X | X |
| X | X |
