| A | B |
|---|
| to secrete or discharge within | endocrine |
| state of equilibrium or balance of all the body systems | homeostasis |
| regulates the activity of specific cells and organs' metabolism and maintains homeostasis, a chemical messenger secreted directly into the blood stream | a hormone |
| the rate of physical and chemical changes which occurs in the body during a period of time | metabolism |
| gland located in the central portion of the brain, produces the hormone melaton which sets our sleep/wake cycle | pineal gland |
| gland located on the underside of the brain that regulates the secretion of hormones by the other endocrine glands, called the master gland | pituitary |
| hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary that stimulates body growth | growth hormone/somatotropin |
| hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary that retains water when blood pressure is low | vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone |
| hormone that is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary that stimulates the uterus to contract during labor and causes ejection of breast milk | oxytocin |
| gland located in front of the trachea just below the larynx | thyroid gland |
| hormone produced by the thyroid that regulates the level of calcium in the blood | calcitonin |
| hormone secreted by the parathyroid | parathormone |
| a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland that allows the body to respond to acute stress | epinephrine or adrenaline |
| means to release a hormone inside of a gland directly into the blood stream | endocrine |
| means to release a hormone from a gland using a duct | exocrine |
| hormone secreted by the pancreas that increases concentration of sugar in the blood as needed | glucagon |
| group of cells responsible for the endocrine fuctions of the pancreas | Islets of Langerhans |
| hormone secreted by the Islets of langerhans that is necessary to transport sugar into the body cells to burn for energy and maintain normal blood sugar | insulin |
| hormones secreted by the ovaries | estrogen and progesterone |
| hormone secreted by the ovaries that assists in mammary milk glands' development and helps prepare the uterus for and maintains a pregnancy | progesterone |
| hormone secreted by the ovaries that is responsible for secondary sex characteristis and the monthly menstrual cycle | estrogen |
| hormones secreted by the testicles | androgen and testosterone |
| hormone secreted by the testicles that produces development of male characteristics | androgen |
| hormone secreted by the testicles that is responsible for normal sexual behavior | testosterone |
| means putting out too much hormones | hypersecretion |
| means putting out not enough hormones | hyposecretion |
| disorder from hypersecretion of somatotropin | giantism and acromegaly |
| disorder from hyposecretion of somatotropin | dwarfism |
| disorder infants have from hypothyroidism | cretinism |
| disorder adults have from hypothyroidism | myxedema |
| caused by a lack of iodine in the diet | hypothyroidism |
| symptoms of hypothyroidism | sensitivity to cold, fatigue, slow pulse, lethargy, slow mental function |
| another name for hyperthyroidism | Grave's disease |
| enlarged thyroid | goiter |
| intermittent muscle spasms of extremities casued by very low levels of calcium | tetany |
| tumor of a gland | adenoma |
| disease resulting from increased amount of adrenal hormones | Cushing's Syndrome |
| disease resulting from decreased amount of adrenal hormones | Addison's Disease |
| disorder from abnormally low level of sodium in the blood | hyponatremia |
| disorder from abnormally high level of potassium in the blood, is dangerous to the heart | hyperkalemia |
| disease that happens when the Islet of Langerhans in the pancrease no longer produces enough insulin | Diabetes Mellitus |
| excessive blood sugar | hyperglycemia |
| much urine | polyuria |
| sugar in the urine | glucosuria |
| type of diabetes/insulin dependence usually found in children that is insulin dependent | Type I |
| type of diabetes that is usually found in adults that is non-insulin dependent | Type 2 |
| type of insulin that acts in 1-3 hours | NPH |
| DM | Diabetes Mellitus, a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels |
| normally functioning thyroid | euthyroid |
| symptoms of diabetes mellitus | hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, weight loss, fatigue, slow healing of skin infections, vision changes |
| treatments for diabetes mellitus | carefully regulated diet, regulated exercise, oral hypoglycemic drugs, insulin infections, insulin pumps, insulin inhalation |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| ductless gland system | endocrine |
| gland system with ducts | exocrine |
| chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood streatm | hormones |
| master gland, that produces many hormones that affect other glands | pituitary |
| chronic disease caused by a decreased secretion of insulin | diabetes mellitus |
| gland located in front of the upper part of the trachea | thyroid |
| gland that atrophies during puberty | thymus |
| too much somatotropin results in this condition | giantism |
| too little somatropin results in this condition | dwarfism |
| mature onset diabetes, frequently occurs in obese adults | type 2 (NIDDM) |
| occurs in children and teens due to lack of insulin hormone | type 1 (IDDM) |
| Cushing's syndrome symptoms | hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscle weakenss, a "moon" face, and obesity |
| reduces risk of developing diabetes by 55 to 70% | weight control and moderate exercise |
| produces insulin for metabolism of glucose and glucagon to maintain the blood level of glucose | pancreas |
| produces parathormone to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood | parathyroid |
| produces testosterone to stimulate the growth and development of sex organs in the male | testes |
| produces melatonin to delay puberty and to regulate sleep and wake cycles | pineal |
| produces thyroxine to increase metabolic rate | thyroid |
| produces thymosin to stimulate the production of antibodies in early life | thymus |
| produces estrogen to stimulate the growth of the reproductive organs in the female | ovary |
| produces epinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system y | adrenal |
| produces somatotropin to stimulate normal body growth | pituitary |
| produces progesterone for maintenance of the lining of the uterus to provide fetal nutrition | placenta |
| large, fatty, out lips surrounding the clitoris and vaginal opening | labia majora |
| small, inner lips, inside the labia majora, which encloses the vaginal opening | labia minora |
| a sensitive nodule of tissue anterior to the urinary opening in females | clitoris |
| located at the mouth of the vagina, secretes a lubricating mucus | Bartholin's glands |
| internal female reproductive gland that produces the ovum | ovaries |
| goes from the uterus to the ovary, transports the ovum from ovary to uterus, can transport sperm from the uterus to the tubes so the egg and sperm can unite | fallopian tubes or oviducts |
| the fringe-like extremities of the fallopian tues, they extend close to the ovaries | fimbriae |
| the wavelike movement that occurs as an visceral muscle contracts to propel things forward | peristalsis |
| conception, the union of ovum and sperm, usually occurs in fallopian tubes | fertilization |
| the part of the uterus that is above the opening of the fallopian tubes, or the top of the uterus | fundus |
| the female reproductive organ which contains and nourishes the embryo and the fetus under normal conditions | uterus |
| shealth like passageway between cervix and vulva, it can stretch, is the repository for male seme, serves as a discharge passageway for the menstrual flow | vagina |
| woman's monthly period in which the innermost layer of the uterus is expelled | menstrual cycle or menses |
| the first menstrual period, occurs between 9 and 18 years | menarche |
| permanent end of the menstrual cycle, occurs between 45 and 60 years | menopause |
| attaches the umbilical cord and fetus to the uterus where oxygen and nutrients transfer from the mother to the fetus | placenta/ afterbirth |
| male reproductive organs | testes |
| single male reproductive organ | testis |
| hormone needed for male sexual characteristics and normal sexual behavior | testosterone |
| needed to fertilize the woman's egg, male reproductive cell, produced by the millions | sperm |
| a thick, whitish secretion discharge from the male urethra at the climax of sexual orgasm, contains sperm and helps it travel through and out of the male reproductive tract | semen |
| external sac containing the testes, hangs outside the body to keep sperm cool | scrotum |
| structure located on top and alongside the testes, stores sperm produced by the testes they become mature and motile here | epididymis |
| foreskin | prepuce |
| bulbar end of the penis that is covered by the foreskin | glans penis |
| sac-like structure behind the bladder which produces a thick fluid which is part of semen | seminal vesicle |
| gland that surrounds the urethra under the bladder in males which contracts to ejaculate semen | prostate |
| external opening of the urethra | urinary meatus |
| male organ used for sexual intercourse and urination | penis |
| heavy or prolonged bleeding during menstruation | menorrhagia |
| disorder that causes monthly bleeding in the abdominal cavity because uterine cells are misplaced outside of the uterus | endometriosis |
| inflammation of testes | orchitis or orchiditis |
| inflammation of cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes and oavaries if experienced by a female | PID, pelvic inflammatory disease |
| STD | sexually transmitted disease |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| STD that results in swollen lymph nodes, fever and headache, caused by specialized bacterium that is an intracellular parasite | chlamydia |
| viralSTD that causes painful (fluid filled vesicles) blister like sores that rupture and form painful ulcers in the genital area, that then has fluid that is infectious during sexual contact | genital herpes |
| STD that causes oophoritis or salpingitis and greenish-yellow discharge in females and uretrhal irritation, painful urination, cystitis, arthritis, meningitis or sterility in males. To prevent it infecting a newborn a drop of silver nitrate/antibiotic is routinely put in newborn's eyes. | gonorrhea |
| STD that results in permanent damage to the heart, liver and brain if not treated, causes chance and generalized rash including palms and soles early, then no symptoms for a while, then later dementia, stroke or meningitis caused by a spirochete that starts as a painless sore | syphilis |
| painful sore | chancre |
| female sterilization done laparoscopically to tie off the fallopian tubes or cut them | tubal ligation |
| incision into vas deferens to sterilize a male | vasectomy |
| cutting around the tip of the penis to remove the excess foreskin | circumcision |
| GYN | gynecology or gynecologist |
| OB | obstetrics |
| the specialy for pregnancy, labor and delivery | obstetrics |
| the specialist in women's disorders | gynecologist |
| function of urinary system | removes waste, regulates water and electrolytes |
| substances in the blood and body fluids that balance body functions | electrolytes |
| examples: sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, bicarbonate, magnesium | electrolytes |
| water and waste products filtered from the blood in the kidney and discharged from the body | urine |
| muscular tubular structures that connect the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the bladder | ureters |
| structure that is a muscular sac that hold urine until a person feels the urge to urinate | bladder |
| another term for urinate | void |
| external opening of the urethra | urinary meatus |
| small tubular passageway from the bladder to the urinary meatus 1 1/2 inches long in female, 8 inches long in male | urethra |
| the gland in the male that surrounds the urethra just under the bladder | prostate |
| function of the prostate gland | secretes a thin fluid that assists in carrying sperm outside the body |
| the tough outer covering protecting the kidney | renal capsule |
| outer section of kidney thatcontains nephrons that are filtering organs to the medulla of the kidney | cortex |
| the part of the kidney that collects the urine from the entire kidney | pelvis |
| function of a nephron | filters waste products and excess fluid from the blood |
| waste products and excess products that the nephrons remove from the blood | urea, uric acid, creatinine, electrolytes, sugar |
| approximate number of nephrons that each kidney contains | millions |
| need to void immediately | urgency |
| voiding in small but frequent amounts | frequency |
| blood in the urine | hematuria |
| ureteritis | inflammation of the ureter/s |
| protein in the urine | proteinuria |
| decrease urine production, less than 500 ml in 24 hours | oliguria |
| swelling due to retained fluid in the body | edema |
| treatment for damaged kidneys to filter fluid and waste products from the blood outside the body using a dialysis machine | hemodialysis |
| BPH, a common condition in men over 50, prostate enlarges | benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| the fold of skin that covers the end of the penis | prepuce |
| GU | genitourinary |
| I/O | intake and output |
| UTI | urinary tract infection |
| UA | urinalysis |
| anuria | lack of urine production |
| dysuria | painful or difficult urination |
| urologist | doctor who specializes in genitourinary diseases |
| renal | refers to the kidney |
| medulla | inner, largest portion of the kidney, contains the collecting tubules, calyces and kidney pelvis |
| endometrium | innermost layer of the uterus- becomes thick to prepare for fertilized egg, then deteriorates and sheds causing bleeding known as menstruation, monthly when no fertilization occurs. |
| cancer of cervix, can be detected by PAP smear | cervical cancer |
| pubic lice | parasties that can be spread sexually or by linens and clothing |
| STD caused by parastic protozoa that can cause a white/yellow foul-smelling discharge | Trichomonas Vaginalis |
| age at which me should start monthly testicular self-exams | 15 years old |
| when should adult females examine their breasts? | monthly at the end of menstruation or on a schedule day of the month after menopause |
| amount of urine produced by filtering 150 quarts of blood filtered through the kidneys normally? | 1.5 quarts |
| one million or more microscopic filtering units in the kidney | nephrons |
| bean shaped organ that filters blood and produces urine | kidneys |
| urine stays in the bladder instead of emptying out completely | retention |
| unable to control urination, voiding when you don't want to | incontinence |
| no urination | anuria |
| too much urination | polyuria |
| urination at night | nocturia |
| pus in the urine | pyuria |
| folds on the muscle walls of the bladder | rugae |
| empty the bladder | void, micturate, urinate |
| kidney stones | renal calculus |
