| A | B |
|---|
| What acts were passed to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession? | Compromise of 1850 |
| What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | popular sovereignty |
| What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called? | Underground Railroad |
| Who is best known for their involvement with the Underground Railroad? | Harriet Tubman |
| Which novel increased sectionalism in America on the issue of slavery? | Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| What was the primary issue in the Republican party platform? | no slavery in new states/territories |
| Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories? | Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas debates about? | slavery in the territories |
| What political solution did Senator Stephen Douglas promote on the issue of slavery? | popular sovereignty |
| Which radical abolitionist tried to start a slave revolt by attacking the federal armory at Harper's Ferry (1859)? | John Brown |
| Which historical event led to the formation of the Confederacy? | 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What does "secession" mean? | to separate from the Union |
| What were the southern states that seceded from the Union called? | The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy |
| What were the primary features of the Union army's "Anaconda Plan"? | naval blockade, control the Mississippi River, capture Richmond |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War? | preserve the union |
| Which proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union? | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| Which battle was key turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a defeat of Lee's army? | Gettysburg |
| Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River? | Vicksburg |
| Which political party supported civil rights for African-Americans during Reconstruction (1865-1877)? | Republican party |
| After the Civil War, what was the re-unification of Southern states into the Union called? | Reconstruction |
| Which Reconstruction plan was the most lenient? | Lincoln's 10% Plan |
| What were the congressmen who wanted to reform Southern society and extend equal rights to African-Americans called? | Radical Republicans |
| Which federal agency was established to provide education and other social services to former slaves? | The Freedmen's Bureau |
| What officially freed the slaves? | The Thirteenth Amendment |
| Which legislation resulted in equality for blacks and the occupation of the South by federal troops? | Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 |
| Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage? | The Fifteenth Amendment |
| Which group was formed by ex-Confederates during Reconstruction to terrorize blacks and other Republicans? | Ku Klux Klan |
| Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction? | share-cropping |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The Compromise of 1877 |
| Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| Which president was elected as a result of the Compromise of 1877? | Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) |
| Which political party became the most powerful in the South after Reconstruction ended? | Democratic |
| After Reconstruction ended, what measures were used in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| Where did the Civil War begin? | Fort Sumter (1861) |
| What was the primary issue that resulted in secession? | slavery |
| What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War? | states' rights |
| Alexander Graham Bell developed which invention to improve communication? | telephone |
| Which Thomas Edison invention changed American business and social life the most? | the electric light bulb |
| Where did most of the "old" immigrants--those who came before 1890--come from? | northern & western Europe (Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland) |
| Where did most "new" immigrants come from after 1890? | southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland) |
| What was one of the effects of increased immigration to the United States in the late 1800s? | cheap labor, urbanization, ethnic neighborhoods |
| What process do labor unions try to use to secure a contract with good wages and better working conditions? | collective bargaining |
| Which act was a result of nativism? | Chinese Exclusion Act |
| What industry was controlled by Andrew Carnegie? | steel |
| Which trust enabled John D. Rockefeller to control the oil industry? | Standard Oil |
| What was J.P. Morgan associated with? | banking and finance |
| What government policy reduced business regulations? | laissez-faire capitalism |
| Which methods were used by business leaders to grow the size of their companies? | horizontal and vertical integration |
| What business structure enabled business leaders to eliminate competition during the late-1800s? | trust |
| What term is used to describe the efforts to oppose foreign immigration? | nativism |
| Which theory explained the growing wealth of America's business leaders during the late-1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What is associated with Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth"? | donating funds to libraries, schools, and hospitals |
| What did workers form to fight for better working conditions in the late 1800s? | labor unions |
| Which labor union supported socialism and other radical goals? | The Knights of Labor |
| Which event caused the decline of the Knights of Labor? | Haymarket riot |
| Which labor union focused on obtaining higher wages and better working conditions? | American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
| What tactic did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) use achieve their goals? | strikes and collective bargaining |
| What is it called when a labor union refuses to work until they are paid higher wages? | strike |
| What tactic did business leaders use to stop strikes? | injunction |
| What did business leaders use to weaken the labor unions? | lock-outs, blacklists & yellow-dog contracts |
| What were the organizations that controlled local and state political parties in the late-1800s called? | political machines |
| Which act was passed to prevent trusts from forming monopolies? | Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Which act was passed to regulate railroad freight rates? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| Which individual became infamous for corruption as the boss of New York City's Tammany Hall political machine? | William M. "Boss" Tweed |
| Which act was passed to end the corruption caused by the spoils system? | Pendleton Civil Service Act |
| What did reformers like Jane Addams establish to aid immigrants in urban areas? | settlement houses |
| Political machines grew in power by attracting the support of which group? | immigrants |
| What motivated migration into California? | gold rush (1849) |
| Which act was passed to promote farming on the Great Plains? | Homestead Act (1862) |
| Which groups of people labored to build the transcontinental railroads? | immigrants (Irish & Chinese) |
| What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities? | transcontinental railroad |
| How did cattlemen bring Texas longhorns to railroad shipping centers? | cattle drives |
| What invention ended the era of open range and cattle drives? | barbed wire |
| What resource did the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians depend on? | buffalo |
| Where did the government force tribes to live to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers? | reservations |
| Which battle was the last conflict between the government and American Indians? | Wounded Knee (1890) |
| What act divided Indian lands to begin a policy of assimilation? | Dawes Severalty Act |
| What federal Indian policy was begun under the Dawes Act? | assimilation/"Americanization" |
| What hardships did farmers face in the West? | falling crop prices and high railroad shipping rates |
| What organization did farmers form to protest high freight rates on the railroads? | the Grange |
| What political party was formed by farmers' alliances? | the Populist party |
| List the economic reforms supported by the Populists. | government regulation of the railroads, bimetallism |
| What money policy was supported by big business and urban interests? | Gold standard |
| What money policy was supported by the Populists? | bimetallism |
| What did Populists hope the result of an "easy" or "loose" money policy based on bimetallism would be? | inflation--rising crop prices |
| Which legislation was passed to regulate the railroads? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| What policy was promoted in the "Cross of Gold Speech" by William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential campaign? | bimetallism |
| Which political party supported the gold standard that was favored by business and urban interests? | Republican party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1896? | William McKinley (Rep.) |
| Which political party adopted the ideas of the Populists? | Democratic party |
| During the early years of the Republic, which group had all of the political power? | white male landowners |
| What political party was founded by Alexander Hamilton? | Federalists |
| What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan? | whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debt, national bank |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank? | strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional |
| What law did the Federalists enact to limit immigration and restrict the right to criticize government officials? | Alien & Sedition Acts |
| Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which resolutions were written to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? | Virginia and Kentucky Resolves |
| What principle was supported in the Virginia and Kentucky resolves? | states' rights/nullification |
| What was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789? | federal court system |
| What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison? | judicial review |
| What foreign policy was established by President George Washington? | avoid foreign alliances (neutrality) |
| What statement was issued by President George Washington to avoid involvement in the war between Britain and France? | Declaration of Neutrality |
| What did President George Washington warn the nation about in his Farewell Address? | maintain neutrality and avoid political parties |
| What treaty enabled western farmers to access the Mississippi River and use the ports in New Orleans? | Pinckney Treaty |
| What treaty was made under the Washington administration to address the issue of British forts on U.S. soil? | Jay Treaty |
| Which issue threatened American sovereignty during Washington's presidency? | British forts on American soil |
| Under the Adams administration, what incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France? | XYZ Affair |
| Which territory did the United States purchase from France to gain full access to the Mississippi River? | Louisiana Purchase |
| Who did Thomas Jefferson appoint to explore the Louisiana Territory? | Lewis and Clark |
| Why did the United States declare war against Great Britain in 1812? | impressment |
| What was the result of the political fight over the creation of the national bank? | creation of the two-party system |
| At the end of the War of 1812, what battle boosted American nationalism? | Battle of New Orleans |
| What happened after the U.S. defeated the tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers? | increased American settlements in Ohio (Treaty of Greenville) |
| Which event proved that the national government would enforce the law under President Washington? | Whiskey Rebellion |
| Which word describes issues that have to do with politics, elections, and government? | political |
| Which word means "having to do with business, money, and taxes? | economic |
| Which word refers to people's culture and the way that they live? | social |
| Which word means "agreeing with the legal requirements of the Constitution? | constitutional |
| What word defines the national unity expressed during the Era of Good Feelings? | nationalism |
| Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South? | cotton gin |
| What were the primary features of Henry Clay's "American System"? | protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank |
| Who benefited from protective tariffs? | New England manufacturers |
| Who benefited from internal improvments? | Western farmers |
| Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City? | Erie Canal |
| What invention is Samuel Morse known for? | the telegraph |
| What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution? | textile |
| Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery? | Missouri Compromise |
| Which word describes the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank? | McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which political change resulted in the common man's influence in American politics? | universal white male suffrage |
| Which act represents the federal government's policy towards American Indians under the Jackson administration? | Indian Removal Act (1830) |
| Which foreign policy opposed European intervention in the western hemisphere? | Monroe Doctrine |
| What issue caused the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832? | tariffs |
| What political issues were supported by Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun in the mid-1800s? | nullification/states' rights and slavery |
| Which principle was supported in John C. Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest? | nullification/states' rights |
| What reform was supported in the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? | women's suffrage |
| Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)? | state/"pet" banks |
| Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery? | abolitionism |
| Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s? | Second Great Awakening |
| Which former slave became the publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper "The North Star"? | Frederick Douglass |
| Which abolitionist leader published the first weekly anti-slavery newspaper "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Which reform movement wanted the prohibition of alcohol? | the temperance movement |
| Which reform movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott? | women's rights |
| Which reform movement(s) were Sarah and Angelina Grimke known for? | abolitionism and women's rights |
| What historical event is associated with the beginning of the women's rights movement? | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Westward expansion was encouraged by which belief? | Manifest Destiny |
| Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico? | the Alamo |
| Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836? | slavery |
| "54'40 or Fight" is associated with James K. Polk's campaign to acquire which territory? | Oregon |
| Which group moved westward during the mid-1800s to escape religious persecution? | the Mormons |
| Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"? | the Mexican War |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican War? | the Mexican Cession |
| Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession? | California, New Mexico and Utah territories |
| Which territory was purchased to acquire land for the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route? | the Gadsden Purchase |
| What did the United States acquire in the Adams-Onis treaty? | Florida |
| Which event resulted in the passage of more restrictive slave codes in southern states? | Nat Turner's Rebellion |
| Which historical event was a result of the Indian Removal Act? | Trail of Tears |
| What practice did Andrew Jackson begin to reward political supporters with government offices? | spoils system/patronage |
| What does the word "suffrage" mean? | right to vote |
| What was the result of the Second Great Awakening? | reform movements |
| What is a tax on imported goods called? | protective tariff |
| What was the first colonial legislature to be established in the British colonies? | House of Burgesses |
| Prior to the French and Indian war, what term described the British policy of allowing colonies to govern their own day-to-day affairs? | salutary neglect |
| After the French and Indian War, which act levied the first-ever direct tax on the colonies? | Stamp Act |
| Protests against the Quartering Act resulted in British troops firing on protestors in which historical event? | Boston Massacre |
| Which historical event involved a protest by the Sons of Liberty against the taxes levied by the Tea Act? | Boston Tea party |
| What was the primary cause of the American Revolution? | taxation without representation |
| What did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urge colonists to do? | declare independence from Britain |
| Which document described American political beliefs and listed the reasons for breaking away from Great Britain? | Declaration of Independence (1776) |
| Which document established the national government of the United States after the Revolutionary War? | Articles of Confederation |
| Which event showed that a constitutional convention was needed to strengthen the national government? | Shays Rebellion |
| Which plan resulted in the creation of a bicameral Congress for our legislative branch? | Great Compromise/Connecticut plan |
| Which political group supported the ratification of the Constitution? | Federalists |
| Which political group opposed the Constitution because it didn’t have a Bill of Rights? | Anti-Federalists |
| What was the name of the essays that were written to gain support for ratification of the Constituton? | Federalist papers |
| At the Constitutional Convention, which plan favored a new government with representation based on population? | Virginia plan |
| At the Constitutional Convention, which plan favored a government with equal representation for each state? | New Jersey plan |
| Which part of the U.S. constitution protects personal freedoms such as expression, right to bear arms, and rights of the accused? | Bill of Rights |
| Which event drew attention to the issue of unsafe working conditions in sweatshops during the early 1900s? | Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire |
| What were the journalists who supported progressive causes called? | muckrakers |
| Who wrote about the urban slums in "How the Other Half Lives"? | Jacob Riis |
| Who wrote about the unsanitary conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants in "The Jungle"? | Upton Sinclair |
| The establishment of Hull House is an example of the Social Gospel movement promoted by which individual? | Jane Addams |
| Which amendment established the federal income tax? | Sixteenth Amendment |
| Which amendment resulted in the direct election of U.S. Senators? | Seventeenth Amendment |
| Which amendment resulted in women's suffrage | Nineteenth Amendment |
| What policy did President Roosevelt use to protect the environment? | conservation |
| What acts were part of Roosevelt' "Square Deal"? | Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Elkins Act |
| What progressive reforms were used to reduce the power of political machines? | open primary elections, direct election of U.S. Senators, secret ballot |
| What party was formed to support President Roosevelt's campaign for president in 1912? | Progressive/Bull Moose party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1912? | Woodrow Wilson (Dem.) |
| What was the name of the labor union leader who ran as the Socialist party candidate for president in 1912? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What act was passed under Woodrow Wilson to regulate the nation's banking and financial system? | Federal Reserve Act |
| What act was passed under President Woodrow Wilson to strengthen the government's ability to stop trusts from forming monopolies? | Clayton Antitrust Act |
| Which leader supported vocational education to improve African-American society? | Booker T. Washington |
| Which African-American leader demanded immediate social and political equality? | W.E.B. Dubois |
| Which organization was formed to fight for the civil rights of African-Americans? | NAACP |
| What methods were used in Southern states to disenfranchise African-Americans? | poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| What laws were passed in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow |
| What practice was supported by the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson? | segregation |
| List an economic reform supported by the Progressive movement | regulating big business, lower tariffs |
| Which progressive cause became the law under the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified? | prohibition of alcohol (temperance) |
| What did the United States create to become a world power at the beginning of the 1900s? | strong navy (ex. Great White Fleet) |
| Which theory promoted the superiority of "Anglo-Saxon" culture to support imperialism? | Social Darwinism |
| Which social theory was used to support imperialism in the late 1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What do you call the foreign policy that the United States used to acquire colonies during the late-1800s? | imperialism |
| What goals were reasons for American expansion as a world power in the late 1800s? | naval bases, new markets, Social Darwinism |
| Which territorial acquisition was referred to as "Seward's Folly"? | Alaska |
| What president supported the annexation of Hawaii? | William McKinley |
| What cause of the Spanish-American war were newspaper editors Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst associated with? | yellow journalism |
| Which event led to the Spanish-American War? | explosion of the U.S.S. Maine |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of Commodore George Dewey's naval victory in the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines |
| Which individual became famous for leading the "Rough Riders" to victory in Cuba during the Spanish-American War? | Theodore Roosevelt |
| The Teller amdendment established what status for Cuba after the Spanish-American War? | independence |
| The Platt amendment established what role for the United States after the Spanish-American War? | Cuban involvement |
| What was President Theodore Roosevelt's use of power in foreign affairs called? | "Big stick" diplomacy |
| What achievement was a result of Theodore Roosevelt's "Big stick" diplomacy? | the Panama canal |
| What was the goal of the "Open Door" policy? | open trade in China |
| What role did the U.S. take in Latin America as a result of the Roosevelt Corollary? | international police power |
| Which policy was used by President William Howard Taft to support U.S. business interests in Latin America and China? | dollar diplomacy |
| Which policy was used by President Woodrow Wilson to support democracy in Latin America? | missionary diplomacy |
| What territories did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| The Treaty of Paris (1898) resulted in the U.S. acquisition of which territories from Spain? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| What event caused World War I? | assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| Which nations were among the Allies? | Britain, France, Russia, Italy |
| Which nations were the Central Powers? | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire |
| What was the U.S. foreign policy towards European affairs prior to World War I? | neutrality/isolationism |
| Which event threatened American neutrality during World War I? | sinking of the Lusitania |
| During the presidential campaign of 1916, what was Woodrow Wilson's position on U.S. involvement in World War I? | "keep us out of war"/neutrality |
| What were the reasons for U.S. entry into World War I? | unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman telegram |
| What idealistic goal did Woodrow Wilson have in World War I? | peace without victory |
| Where was the Western Front in World War I? | France |
| What type of warfare was used on the Western front? | trench warfare |
| What were some of the new weapons used in World War I? | mustard gas, tanks, U-boats, airplanes, machine guns |
| What caused Russia to withdraw from World War I? | Bolshevik (communist) revolution |
| What did Congress enact to draft troops during World War I? | Selective Service Act |
| What did the U.S. government produce to make the war popular with the American people? | propaganda |
| How did the U.S. government finance the war effort during World War I? | liberty bonds |
| What was the purpose of the War Industries Board during World War I? | regulate business/encourage mass production |
| What did Congress enact to limit free speech and prevent anti-war activism during World War I? | Espionage and Sedition Acts |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the government's ability to limit civil liberties during war-time? | Schenck v. United States (1919) |
| What did the Food administration encourage during World War I? | rationing |
| What progressive reform was a result of women's efforts during World War I? | 19th Amendment/suffrage |
| What were Wilson's plans for peace after World War I called? | Fourteen points |
| Which international organization was advocated in Wilson's Fourteen points? | League of Nations |
| Which nations were the "Big Four" that created the Treaty of Versailles? | Britain, France, United States, Italy |
| What was a result of the Treaty of Versailles? | punishment of Germany; League of Nations |
| What part of the Treaty of Versailles resulted in Senator Henry Cabot Lodges efforts to oppose the Treaty? | League of Nations |
| Which event was an example of U.S. involvement in world affairs after World War I? | Washington Naval Conference, Dawes Plan |
| Who was targeted by the Palmer raids during the "Red Scare" of 1919? | communists |
