| A | B |
|---|
| Peer Review | the process of having one’s scholarship evaluated by qualified (i.e., expertise in the field) and impartial peers to determine if the work merits publication |
| Blind Peer Review | t the reviewers do not know whose works they are reviewing |
| Scholarship | oublished peer reviewed, journal articles and public works |
| Scholarship Examples | peer reviewed journal articles, edited book chapters, research monographs, books |
| Impact factor | “measure of the frequency with which the ‘average article’ in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period |
| Introduction | review of literature, purpose, hypothesis |
| Methods Procedure | how were data collected |
| Methods Sample | who were data collected from |
| Methods Measurments | how were variables measured |
| Results | what analyses were conducted and what were the results |
| Discussion | restate purpose discuss findings |
| Limitations | problems of current study |
| Implications | how can results be used |
| Conclusion | what points does the author want to leave with the reader |
| ad hoc reviewers | those who are not on editorial review board but are asked to review a manuscript due to their expertise |
| retraction | used for scientific misconduct |
| correction | substitute correct info, correct an error, disregard specific parts |
| theory | a set of interrelated constructs/paradigms and propositions that specify relations among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting a particular phenomenon. |
| replication | s researchers can reproduce a study’s findings by following the same or similar procedures. |
| empirical generalization | occurs when the same empirical finding is produced in many different studies |
| objectivity | conditions are arranged so that personal or subjective elements enter into the research as little as possible. |
| basic research | (pure research) has no immediate application at the time it is completed. It is the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake |
| applied research | has an immediate application. In other words, it is research that is conducted so that the knowledge obtained can be utilized or applied by policy makers, sponsors, or practitioners. |
| evaluation research | The systematic study of programmatic development and outcomes. |
| action research | Collaborative, self-reflective inquiry by a group of individuals interested in finding practical solutions to a social issue |
| qualitative research | s based on non-numerical examination and analysis of observations, interviews, or written materials |
| quantitative research | based on numerical measurement and analyses |
| historical research | relates events that have occurred in the past to one another or to current events. |
| exploratory research | generates ideas about, and insights into, a relatively little-understood issue |
| descriptive research | describes the characteristics of an existing phenomenon and/or describes the status of things in the present or the past. |
| longitudinal design | observations or assessments that are made on the same subjects more than once so that naturally occurring changes can be detected |
| cross sectional design | Data are collected only once on subjects of different ages(instead of tracking the same subjects across different ages such as in longitudinal research) |
| sequential design | A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Data are collected from large groups at one point in time and from some of the subjects at different points in time |
| short term longitudinal | The same subjects are measured at least twice over a relatively short period of time (several months or a year) |
| panel studies | e repeated observations or measures that are taken of the same group of individuals (i.e., panel) across time |
| correlational research | Examines how two or more variables are related to one another |
| causal-comparative research | post hoc, after the fact |
| Ethnographic research | The study of specific human cultures (e.g., societies, organizations, small groups) through fieldwork and direct observation |
| macro ethnography | studies broadly-defined cultural groups (e.g., Aborigines in Australia, Eskimos) |
| micro ethnography | studies narrowly-defined cultural groups (e.g., Sudanese refugees in refugee camps in Kenya, members of United States congress) |
| emic perspective | An insider or native’s perspective of a given culture; typically the primary focus. |
| etic persepective | An outsider or non-member’s interpretation of a given culture |
| experimental research | A study in which the investigator manipulates, applies, or introduces the independent variable (or treatment) and observes its effect on the dependent (outcome) variable. Researcher assigns people to groups based on some defined membership criterion. Examines cause and effect relationships |
| treatment group | s (X) refer to the type of treatment, program, or intervention that is manipulated/provided by the researcher. |
| control group | refers to the group(s) that does not receive the treatment/program |
| nonequivalent group assignment | (N) occurs when a researcher selects two or more groups that seem similar |
| assignment by cutoff | (C) is another pragmatic way to make assignments to groups based on sequence of arrival or some characteristic |
| one shot case study | X1 O1 |
| static group comparison | N X1 O1 + N X0 O1 |
| one group pretest posttest | O1 X O2 |
| interrupted time series | 01 02 03 04 X 06 07 08 |
| nonequivalent control group | N O1 X1 O2 + N O1 X0 O2 |
| pretest posttest nonequivalent group | N O1 X1 O2 + N O1 X2 O2 |
| regression discontinuity | C O1 X1 O2 + C O1 X0 O2 |
| multiple time series | N 01 02 03 X1 04 05 06 + N 01 02 03 X0 04 05 06 |
| pretest posttest control group | R O1 X1 O2 + R O1 X0 O2 |
| dummy variable | refers to a variable with just two categories that reflects only part of the information available in a more comprehensive variable. |
| IV | refers to a variable which is manipulated, measured, or selected by the researcher in order to observe its relation to some other variable also called a predictor variable, input variable, treatment variable, causal variable, and/or explanatory variable |
| manipulated IV | The subject is assigned by the researcher to a certain level/group |
| selected IV | The subject naturally falls into a level such as gender, IQ, age, etc. |
| DV | refers to the variable that is observed and measured in response to an IV Also called criterion variable or outcome variable |
| control variable | refersto any variable that (1) is held constant in a research study by observing only one of its level or (2) the effects of the variable are accounted for in the analyses. |
| extraneous variables (confounding) | Uncontrolled factors that may or may not be having an effect on the dependent variable |
| intervening/mediating variable | A variable that is postulated to be a predictor of one or more DVs, and simultaneously predicted by one or more IVs. |
| moderating variables | A variable that affects (i.e., moderates) the direction and/or strength of the relationship between IV(s) and DV |
| null hypothesis | refers to the hypothesis of no difference or relationship; statements of equality. Any differences must be assumed to be due to chance |
| alternative hypothesis | states the anticipated relationship in declarative sentence form |
| research hypothesis | sis a statement of inequality; a statement of relationship between variables. More specifically, it specifies the relationship the researcher expects to verify in the study. |
| operational definition | are designed to clarify the meaning of the variables in a study so that all readers will understand the exact meaning the researcher intends |
| theoretical population | The population the researchers would like to sample from because this is the group they are interested in generalizing to |
| accessible population | The population that is accessible to the researchers |
| sampling frame | A listing of the accessible population from which the researchers will draw the sample |
| sample | the group of people who are selected to be in the study. The sample is more than just the group of people who are actually in the study because |
| subsample | the group that actually completes the study and is used in the data analyses |
| random selection | Every individual in the population has the same chance of being selected. |
| simple random sampling | Each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected to be part of the sample. |
| stratified random sample | (also called proportional or quota random sampling) – The profile of the sample matches the profile of the population on some specific characteristic ( |
| systematic sampling | Choose a number at random (i.e., k) and then select every k th unit. |
| cluster (area) random sampling | Sometimes the population is disbursed across a wide geographic region; which could make it time consuming and expensive to sample the participants |
| multistage sampling | A combination of the aforementioned sampling methods. In many applied social research studies, more complex sampling methods are used |
| purposive sampling | conducted with a purpose in mind (e.g., a researcher wants to study one or more specific predefined groups) |
| modal instance sampling | sampling the most frequent case or the typical case |
| expert sampling | surveying a group of individuals with known or demonstrable experience and expertise in some area |
| quota sampling | Participants with certain characteristics are nonrandomly selected until a quota is filled |
| proportional quota sampling | The researcher wants to represent a major characteristic of the population by sampling a proportional amount of participants in each group. |
| nonproportional quota sampling | less restrictive in that the minimum number of sampled units wanted in each category is specified, but the research can over sample in the groups |
| heterogeneity (diversity) sampling | used to include as many opinions or views as possible by recruiting respondents (especially outliers) with many different backgrounds, interests, views, ideas, etc |
| snowballing sampling | begins by identifying participants who meets the criteria for inclusion in the study |
| convenience sampling | Participants are included because they are convenient |
