| A | B |
|---|
| Industrial Revolution | the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine |
| Suez Canal | a human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea |
| demise | a time when something ends |
| James Hargreaves | English inventor of the spinning jenny |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry |
| Eli Whitney | United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made use of interchangeable parts |
| Henry Bessemer | revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient |
| Edward Jenner | discovered the small pox vaccine |
| Louis Pasteur | discovered bacteria, and created the process of pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria |
| industrialized | an economy based on manufacturing, not agriculture |
| urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities |
| standard of living | a measure of quality of life based on the amounts and kinds of goods and services a person can buy |
| capitalism | an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit |
| communism | an economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions |
| socialism | a political theory advocating state ownership of industry |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern capitalism |
| entrepreneur | a person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business |
| market competition | rivalry among businesses for resources and customers |
| Karl Marx | a founder of Socialism, he saw society as a class struggle; wrote Das Kapital; worked with Friedrich Engels to write The Communist Manifesto |
| wages | money earned for doing work |
| laborers | workers who do tasks that do not require special skills |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| protectorate | nation whose independence is limited by the control of a more powerful country |
| spheres of influence | areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly |
| missionary | someone sent on a mission - especially a religious or charitable mission to a foreign country |
| East India Company | an English company formed to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia; eventually developed their own army and dominated Indian states |
| natural resources | materials found in nature that are used to create goods |
