| A | B |
|---|
| function of skeleton | support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation |
| 4 types of bones | flat, long, short, irregular |
| ligaments | hold bones together |
| tendon | muscle to bone |
| periosteum | external sheath covering bone, outer fibrous layer of collagen, inner osteogenic layer of osteogenic cells |
| diploe | (applicable to flat bones in the skull) blood cell formation and shock absorber |
| non-mitotic bone cells | osteoblasts |
| composition of bone matrix | 1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic |
| organic matter that makes up bone matrix | collagen, GAG, glycoproteins |
| inorganic matter that makes up the bone matrix | calcium and phosphate (hydroxyapatite) |
| hydroxyapatite | calcium + phosphate |
| Rickets | mineral (organic) deficiency, soft bones |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | brittle bone disease (collagen deficiency) |
| nutrient foramina | where blood vessels and nerves pass through to enter and exit the bone |
| red marrow | (aka- myeloid tissue) is hemopoietic tissue and produces blood cells) |
| yellow marrow | red bone marrow that has been replaced with fat cells |
| intramembranous ossification | replacement of embryonic connective tissue |
| endochodnral ossification | replacement of cartilage |
| metaphysis | transition zone facing primary center |
| interstitial growth | growth in length |
| appositional growth | growth in width |
| zone of reserve cartilage | chondroblasts and hyaline cartilage |
| zone of cell proliferation | high division rate of chondroblasts |
| zone of cell hypertrophy | chondroblasts stop dividing and increase in size, walls of lacunae start breaking down |
| zone of calcification | beginning of transition from cartilage to bone |
| zone of bone deposition | chondroblasts die and osteoblasts takes over |
| Pagets Disease | too much deposition/resorption, weak bones |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | defect in Collagen Type I, (either does not make enough or makes defective collagen) |
| osteoperosis | (Kyphosis) thinning of the bone, affects spongy bone more, women get it at a younger age |
| Achondroplastic Dwarfism | Un-proportional, long bones stop growing and they have a prominent forehead |
| Pituitary Dwarfism | proper proportions, shorter stature (from a lack or decrease of growth hormone) |
| mineral deposition | osteoblasts produce collagen fibers that spiral the length of the osteon |
| mineral resorption | osteoclast have H+ pump (and pump into bone), and Cl- follows, then forms HCl that dissolves bone minerals [also produce acid phosphatases and proteases that break down collagen] |
| hypocalcemia | (more common than hypercalcemia) Ca2+ deficiency, causes excessive excitability |
| hypercalcemia | blood calcium excess |
| 7-dehydrocholesterol | makes Calcitrol |
| Calcitrol | increase blood calcium level (activates RANKL on osteoblasts, which then activates osteoclasts) |
| PTH (parathyroid hormone) | increases blood ca level (Increase oseteoclast activity) |
| calcitonin | decreases calcium, secreted by C cells |
| two principal forms of phosphates | monohydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates |
| factors affecting bones | calcium level, phosphate level, growth factor, genera, estrogens&testosterone, steroids |
| stress fracture | break cause by abnormal trauma to the bone |
| pathological fracture | break in a bone weakened by some other disease |
| fractures classified by: | direction, multiple pieces?, break in skin? |
| non-displaced fracture | bone is still in its proper place |
| displaced fracture | bone is moved |
| comminuted fracture | multiple fractures and multiple places |
| green stick fracture | broken on one side of bone |
| buckle fracture | (cortex buckles) fracture is on one side and bent on the other |
| fracture healing stages | hematoma formation, soft callus, hard callus, bone remodeling |
| closed reduction treatment of fractures | no surgery |
| open reduction treatment of fractures | surgery, screws, etc. |
| how many bones are in the body? | Birth: 270, Adult:206 |
| sesamoid bone | develops in tendons as a result of stress |
| paranasal sinuses | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary |
| the skull has ___ bones | 22 |
| cranial bones | 2 maxillae, 2 palatine, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 2 nasal, 2 inferior nasal chonchae, vomer, mandible |
| primary curvature | c shape (when you're born) |
| secondary curvature | develops later: s-shape, cervical, lumbar, thoracic, pelvic |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature (usually in thoracic vertebrae) |
| kyphosis | (hunch back) usually from osteoperosis |
| lordosis | (sway back) exaggerated lumbar curvature |
| herniated disc | anulus fiborosis is broken and nucleus pulposis can come out of its normal area and will push on spinal nerves |
| spina bifida | failure to form a complete vertebral arch |
| myelomeningocele | (most common spina bifida) spinal cord comes out into a cyst |
| zero position | anatomical position |
| felxion | decreasing the angle between two bones |
| extension | increasing the angle between two bones |
| abduction | move away from the midline |
| adduction | move towards the midline |
| protract | forward in the horizontal plane |
| retraction | posterior or backward in the horizontal plane |
| circumduction | involves flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (only in shoulder and hip) |
| supination | radius lateral to ulna |
| pronation | radius and ulna cross |
| osteoarthritis | most common form of arthritis, from repetitive motion |
| rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disease that attacks joints, sweeling of joints and disfigurement of fingers (BIG IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE) |
| 1st class lever | fulcrum is in the middle (EFR) (ex-atlanto-occipital joint) |
| 2nd class lever | FRE (fulcrum, resistance, effector), ex, standing on balls of feet and wheelbarrow |
| 3rd class lever | (REF) ex-arm wrestles, bicep curls, etc |
| range of motion determined by: | structure of articular surface, strength and tautness of ligaments, action of the muscles and tendons |
| examples of pivot joint | humerus & radius, axis & atlas |
| examples of gliding/plane joint | ankle, wrist, rubs 2-7 |
| ball and socket joint examples | hip, shoulder *Multiaxial joint |
| examples of condylar joint | radialcarpal joint, metacarpal joints |
| examples of saddle joints | trapezium and metacarpal, sternoclavicular |
| examples of hinge joint | humeral&ulna, joints between phalanges *Monoaxial |
