| A | B |
|---|
| matter | occupies space and has mass |
| physical change | does not alter the nature of a substance |
| chemical change | alters the composition of a substance |
| energy | measured only by its effects on matter |
| kinetic energy | when energy is doing work |
| potential energy | when energy is inactive or stored |
| chemical energy | stored in the bonds of chemicals |
| electrical energy | from movement of charged particles |
| mechanical energy | directly involved in moving matter |
| radiant energy | travels in waves |
| atoms | building blocks of elements |
| subatomic particles | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| ions | atoms that have gained/lost electrons |
| orbitals | regions around the nucleus |
| 65% of body mass | oxygen |
| 18.5% of body mass | carbon |
| 9.5% of body mass | hydrogen |
| 3.2% of body mass | nitrogen |
| 1.5% of body mass | calcium |
| 1% of body mass | phosphorus |
| atomic number | number of protons in an atom |
| atom mass | mass of protons & neutrons in the nucleus |
| isotope | structural variation of an element |
| radioisotopes | heavier isotopes of atoms |
| molecule | formed when two or more atoms combine |
| compound | formed when different molecules combine |
| electron shells | orbitals around the nucleus |
| valance shell | the outermost electron shell |
| ionic bond | involves an electron transfer |
| rule of eights | atoms interact to have 8 valence electrons |
| ions | positive and negative charged particles |
| salts | compounds formed by ionic bonding |
| covalent bond | molecules in which atoms share electrons |
| polar molecule | molecule with opposing charges |
| hydrogen bonds | bind parts of the same molecule together |
| synthesis reaction | when atoms or molecules combine |
| decomposition reaction | when molecules are broken down |
| exchange reaction | involves both synthesis and decompostion |
| inorganic compounds | lack carbon; tend to be small |
| organic compounds | contain carbon |
| cations | positively charged ions |
| anions | negatively charged ions |
| water | inorganic; two-thirds of body weight |
| dissociation | salts separating into ions in body fluids |
| electrolytes | salts conducting electrical current in solution |
| acids | in water they release hydrogen ions |
| bases | in water they release hydroxyl ions |
| strong acids | (i.e. HCl) ionize completely |
| weak acids | (i.e. carbonic acid) partially ionize |
| bicarbonate ion | important (weak) base in blood |
| sodium hydroxide (lye) | avid proton seeker; strong base |
| pH of 7 | distilled water |
| pH of 7.4 | human blood |
| monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| disaccharides | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| sucrose (cane sugar) | glucose-fructose |
| lactose (milk sugar) | glucose-galactose |
| maltose (malt sugar) | glucose-glucose |
| hydrolysis | adding water to break disaccharide bonds |
| polysaccharides | chains of linked sugars; starch and glycogen |
| starch | stored polysaccharide in plants |
| glycogen | polysaccharide in animal tissue |
| lipids | triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols |
| triglycerides | 3 fatty acids and glycerol; stored energy |
| phospholipids | 2 fatty acids; glycerol; phosphorus group |
| sterols | used to make bile salts, vitamin D, and hormones |
| fatty acids | saturated, mono- and poly- unsaturated |
| saturated fat | animal derived; solid at room temperature |
| monounsaturated fat | one double bond; olive oil |
| polyunsaturated fat | two or more double bonds; soybean oil |
| trans fat | solidified by adding hydrogen atoms |
| proteins | over 50% of organic body matter |
| amino acids | building blocks of protein |
| amino acid properties | amine group, acid group, and R-group |
| polypeptides | chains with less than 50 amino acids |
| fibrous (structural) proteins | collagen and keratin |
| globular (functional) proteins | antibodies, hormones, and enzymes |
| enzymes | functional proteins acting as catalysts |
| substrate (reacting molecule) | bond to the enzymes active site |
| denatured | when H bonds of globular proteins break |
| nucleic acids | DNA, RNA, and ATP |
| nucleotides | nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | replicates itself before a cell divides |
| DNA bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| deoxyribose | sugar of the DNA backbone |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | carries out protein synthesis |
| RNA bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil |
| ribose | sugar of the RNA backbone |
| varieties of RNA | messenger, ribosomal, and transfer |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | energy used by all body cells |
