| A | B |
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| The leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis is called the _____. | blade (Since seaweeds don't have a vascular system to transport nutrients, just about all parts of a seaweed conduct photosynthesis, not just the blade. For terrestrial plants with leaves, the flattened portion of a typical leaf is also called the blade.) p586,  |
| The stemlike structure of a seaweed is called the _____. | stipe p586, |
| A(n) _____ is a unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique, glassy, cell wall containing silica. | diatom p585,  |
| _____ are short cellular appendages specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. | Cilia p584,  |
| An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy is called a(n) _____. | mixotroph p576 |
| A(n) _____ is a single mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds. | plasmodium p594,  |
| A(n) ____ is an aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell. | foraminiferan (a.k.a. - foram): Notice the picture on the left of the calcium carbonate shell with the numerous pores where the pseudopods come out from the shell (see picture of threadlike pseudopods coming out from a live foram on the left). Foram skeletons make up a major part of the marine sediment as they sink to the bottom of the ocean. p589,  |
| Under the old five kingdom system, the ____ kingdom included all eukaryotic organisms that couldn't be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Under the new three domain system, advances in molecular biology have made scientists realize that _____ should actually be broken down into several kingdoms with some possibly being placed back into the plant, animal or fungal kingdoms. Therefore, _____ is an informal term used to describe mostly unicellular organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi. | protist (the answer for all of the blanks) p575 |
| All ____ are parasites of animals. They spread through tiny infectious cells called sporozoites. Plamodium, the parasite that causes malaria, is an example. | apicomplexans p583 |
| Diplomonads and parabasalids have modified ______. | mitochondria (Their mitochondria don't have electron transport systems. They get their energy from anaerobic biological pathways) p580 |
| ______ is a type of diplomonad that causes severe diarrhea and is often picked up by drinking untreated water from rivers or lakes contaminated with feces containing the parasite in the dormant cyst stage. | Giardia (This is often the cause of sickness on camping trips when water is not filtered or boiled.) pp578&580 |
What type of protist is pictured below?,  | Diatom (Diatoms, with their glass walls, are a major component of both oceans and lakes. They come in a wide variety of shapes. It's estimated that there are 100,000 living species. When they die, they form sediments called diatomaceous earth, which is used commercially in pool filtration systems. They play a major role in the carbon cycle by removing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. When they die and sink to the bottom, they tend not to decompose well, so the carbon stays out of the carbon cycle) p585, |
| A(n) ______ is a protist such as a water mold, white rust, or downy mildew, that acquires nutrition mainly as a decomposer or plant parasite. | oomycete pp587&588 |
| A type of protozoan that moves by means of cilia is called a(n) _____. | ciliate (The paramecium in the picture below is a classic example of a ciliate. If you look closely, you can make out the small hairlike cilia.) p584,  |
| The protozoan pictured below is a(n) ______., | paramecium p584, |
| Protists that are animal-like in that they capture and consume food are called _______. | protozoans p551 |
| A(n) ______ is a unicellular photosynthetic alga with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell. | dinoflagellate (The alga that causes red tide is a dinoflagellate. Some dinoflagellates are bioluminscent which means that they can glow in the dark.) p582,  |
| A(n) ______ is a protist in the Rhizarian clade, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body. | radiolarian p589,  |
| The process by which ciliates exchange haploid micronuclei is called _____. | conjugation (This is the same name given to the process in prokaryotes in which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another via a long pilus.) p584 |
| A protist characterized by an anterior pocket, or chamber, from which one or two flagella emerge is called a(n) _____. | euglenid (The euglena pictured below is a classic example. Most euglenids are photosynthetic but can switch to a heterotrophic mode of food acquisition when light is unavailable.) p581,  |
| The protist pictured below is called a(n) _____., | euglena (a common freshwater alga) p581, |
| Photosynthetic protists are commonly called _____ and can be either unicellular or multicellular. | algae p576 |
| The tiny infectious apicomplexan cell that spreads disease is called the _____. | sporozoite p583 |
| Algae and photosynthetic bacteria that drift passively in the pelagic zone of an aquatic environment are called ____. | phytoplankton p582 |
The cross section shown below shows the typical "9+2" structure of eukaryotic _____ and _____.,  | cilia, flagella p115,  |
| A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. | cilium (The plural is cilia. The key word here is short. Otherwise it could be a flagellum) p584 |
| A type of protozoan characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia is called a(n) _____. | Amoeba p589,  |
| _______ are cellular extensions of amoeboid type cells used in moving and feeding. | Pseudopodia p589,  |
| A protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella is called a(n) ______. | diplomonad (Giardia intestinalis, a species that causes severe diarrhea, is a species classified as a diplomonad.) p580 |
| The most common type of multicellular seaweeds, including kelp, are classified as _____ algae. | brown (The giant kelp in this kelp "forest" are brown aglae.) p586,  |
| A(n) is a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and multicellular reproductive bodies in its life cycle. | cellular slime mold (Cellular slime molds are different from plasmodial slime mold in that the large aggregate retains cell membranes in between the cells that have come together. Also, only the zygote is diploid and there are no flagellated stages.) p595,  |
| The term _____ refers to mostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds, and lakes. | plankton (Some larger organisms such as multicellular floating seaweed, most jellyfish, and the Mola Mola fish are classified as plankton also. The fish is classified as plankton because it is not a strong enough swimmer to swim against ocean currents.) p582 |
| The type of protists that are believed to have given rise to true plants are called _______. | green algae p590 |
| A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell. | secondary endosymbiosis p576,  |
| A(n) ______ is a type of protist that contains a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a _____. | kinetoplastid, kinetoplast p580,  |
| A seaweed's body is referred to as a(n) ____ because it is plantlike but it lacks "true" roots, stems, and leaves. | thallus p586, |
Letter "A" in the picture below refers to the ____ of a seaweed.,  | blade p586, |
| Letter "B" in the picture below refers to the ____ of a seaweed., | float p586, |
| Letter "C" in the picture below refers to the ____ of a seaweed., | stipe p586, |
| Letter "D" in the picture below refers to the ____ of a seaweed., | holdfast p586, |
| The ____ is the term that refers to the hardened shell of some protists, including forams and radiolarians, or the rigid endoskeleton of a sea urchin or sand dollar. | test p589, |
| ______ are photosynthetic marine protists that contains the accessory pigment phycoerythrin. | Red algae p590 |
| The rootlike structure that anchors seaweed is called the ______. | holdfast p586, |
| Trichomonas vaginalis is a type of Parabasalid protist with modified mitochondria that is a common inhabitant of the _______. | human vagina (This flagellated protist can gain a foothold in the vagina when the normal pH is disturbed, allowing it to outcompete other favorable microbes that inhabit the vagina.) p580 |
| Euglenozoans are unique in that they have a rod of unknown function in their _______. The two best known types of euglenozoans are kinetoplastids with their single large mitochondrion and the euglenids which include euglenas. | flagella p580, |
| Kinetoplastids in the genus _______ cause sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease. | Trypanosoma p580 |
| The clade of protists called the alveolates are characterized by ________ just underneath the plasma membrane. This clade includes the dinoflagellates, the parasitic apicomplexans, and the ciliates. | membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) p582 |
| Algal blooms of certain types of dinoflagellates cause a phenomenon called ______ in which toxins produced by these algae cause massive fish kills. | red tide p583,  |
| An explosive growth in the population of algae is known as a(n) ________. | algal bloom p583 |
| Red tide is caused by a neurotoxin released by a type of ________., | dinoflagellate p583,  |
| The largest and most complex of the algae are the _______. All are multicellular and most are marine. | brown algae - Include the giant kelp which can grow as long as 60 meters. p586, |
| In alternation of generation life cycles, the two generations are ______ if the sporophyte and gametophyte are structurally different from each other. | heteromorphic p587,  |
| In alternation of generation life cycles, the two generations are ______ if the sporophyte and gametophyte are structurally similar to each other (though they differ in chromosome number).. | isomorphic p587 |
| One type of entamoeba is a parasite that causes _______ which causes people to get life-threatening diarrhea from drinking contaminated water. | amebic dysentery (This is the third leading cause of death due to parasites after malaria and schistosomiasis.) p596 |
| The common name for the rhodophytes is ________. | red algae p590 |
The _______ shown below is an example of a colonial organism, meaning that it is a colony of individual cells that work together.,  | Volvox p579, |
| Red algae are also known as the _______. | rhodophytes p590 |
| Green algae are divided into two main groups, the ______ and the _____. | chlorophytes, charophytes p591 |
The protist pictured below is a(n) _____.,  | amoeba p589, |
What is "A" in the picture of this euglena below?,  | flagellum p581,  |
| What is "B" in the picture of this euglena below?, | eyespot (Along with the light detector, the eyespot helps the euglena stay near the surface so it can photosynthesize.) p581, |
| What is "C" in the picture of this euglena below?, | light detector (Along with the eyespot, the light detector helps the euglena stay near the surface so it can photosynthesize.) p581, |
| What is "D" in the picture of this euglena below?, | contractile vacuole (used to get rid of water that is continually entering the cell in the freshwater hypotonic environment) p581, |
| What is "E" in the picture of this euglena below?, | nucleus p581, |
| What is "F" in the picture of this euglena below?, | chloroplast p581, |
What is "A" in the picture of this paramecium below?,  | cilia p584,  |
| What is "B" in the picture of this paramecium below?, | food vacuoles p584, |
| What is "C" in the picture of this paramecium below?, | oral groove p584, |
| What is "D" in the picture of this paramecium below?, | gullet p584, |
| What is "E" in the picture of this paramecium below?, | micronucleus [Paramecium, like other ciliates, stores its genetic information in two types of nuclei. There is usually one large (macro) nucleus and one or more smaller (micro) nuclei in each cell. The macronucleus is polyploid, containing up to 800 copies of each gene, and is transcriptionally active. The micronucleus is diploid and holds the cell's germline DNA, genes which are exchanged during sexual reproduction.] p584, |
| What is "F" in the picture of this paramecium below?, | macronucleus [Paramecium, like other ciliates, stores its genetic information in two types of nuclei. There is usually one large (macro) nucleus and one or more smaller (micro) nuclei in each cell. The macronucleus is polyploid, containing up to 800 copies of each gene, and is transcriptionally active. The micronucleus is diploid and holds the cell's germline DNA, genes which are exchanged during sexual reproduction.] p584, |
| What is "G" in the picture of this paramecium below?, | contractile vacuole (Contracts to squeeze water out of the cell so that it doesn't explode due to being in the freshwater hypotonic environment.) p584, |
| The clade called ______ includes protists with modified mitochondria (Diplomonads and Parabasalids) as well as protists with unique flagella. | Excavata p580 |
| A large clade that includes the alveolates and the stramenopiles, the ______ are thought to have originated over a billion years ago when a common ancestor permanently took in a red alga through secondary endosymbiosis. | chromalveolata p582 |
| The _______ are part of the clade called chromalveolates and include three subgroups (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates), all of which share the common feature of membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane. The function of these sacs is currently unknown. | alveolates p582 |
| The ______ along with the alveolates, belong to the clade called the chromalveolata. They are named for their hairy flagellum and include the diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes. | stramenopiles p585 |
| The term ________ applies to organisms who have both a haploid and diploid stage that is multicellular. | alternation of generations (The lifecycle of the brown alga shown below is an example) pp586&587, |
| The term "alternation of generations" applies to organisms who have both a haploid and diploid stage that is __________. | multicellular (The lifecycle of the brown alga shown below is an example) pp586&587 |
| The term "alternation of generations" applies to organisms who have both a _____ and ______ stage that is multicellular. | haploid, diploid (The lifecycle of the brown alga shown below is an example) pp586&587 |
| ______ is a clade that includes the radiolarians, foraminiferans, and the cercozoans. Many of the protists in this clade could be described as amoebas. | Rhizaria p589 |
| The clade known as ________ inlcudes red and green algae as well as land plants. | Archaeplastida p590 |
| Which type of green algae is most closely related to land plants? | charophytes p591 |
| What is the name of the red photosynthetic pigment that allows red algae to absorb the blue and green light waves that penetrate further down in water than those at the red end of the spectrum? | phycoerythrin p591 |
| The clade called _____ includes the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and closely related protists). | Unikonta p593 |
| The _______ form a clade that includes many species of amoebas that have lobe or tube-shaped, rather than thread-like, pseudopodia. They include slime molds, gymnamoebas, and entamoebas. | amoebozoans p593, |
| The type of slime molds that form a huge multinucleated cell specialized for feeding on detritus located on the forest floor is called a(n) ______ slime mold. | plasmodial p594 |
