| A | B |
|---|
| ambiguity | capability of being understood in more than one way |
| barriers | factors preventing the knowledgeable student from answering correctly |
| bias | feature(s) in a test or item that advantage a subgroup(s) of the testing population in answering correctly |
| absolute qualifier | word or words that make(s) a statement improbable |
| clues | factors enabling student to answer correctly without necessary knowledge |
| constructed-response item | requires students to create and provide their own answers |
| dichotomy | division of elements into two mutually-exclusive categories |
| DIF score | index of how an item functions differently between or among groups |
| disparate impact | a real difference shown in the performance of two or more groups |
| insensitivity | use of elements in an item that might elicit negative feelings in an individual or a group |
| measurement error | effects (on scores) of unplanned events or elements in the testing conditions |
| "prior inequities" | differences in opportunities to have learned (or exposure to) content |
| Rasch analysis | procedure to determine if real differences exist between scores of subgroups |
| reliability | degree to which an assessment measures something consistently |
| representativeness | accurate reflection of names, topics, etc. in the whole set of items on a test |
| review panel | content-knowledgeable educators who make decisions about items based on statistical results |
| selected-response item | provides the student a stimulus and several options, from which the student picks the appropriate one |
| specifications | guidelines and rules for constructing a classroom test |
| stereotyping | presentation of members of a particular subgroup in a way that might be offensive |
| testwise | knowledge of item construction used to answer items correctly without the necessary knowledge of content |
| vague qualifier | word or words that make(s) a statement probable |
| validity | degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure |
| verbal synectics | method of linking a new concept to something already known |
