| A | B |
|---|
| Innate Immune System | Immediate response without requiring prior contact with the microbe (pathogen). Recognition mechanisms of innate immunity: rapid response (hours), fixed, limited number of specificities and constant during response |
| Adaptive Immune System | Delayed response – takes time to mount a response after initial contact (infection). Recognition mechanisms of adaptive immunity: slow response (days to weeks), variable, numerous highly selective specificities, and improve during response. *Common effector mechanisms for the destruction of pathogens |
| Cilia | Hairlike structures on bronhial cells sweep particles out of the lungs |
| Endosymbiont Hypothesis | Simple bacteria invented an efficient energy conversion process, and donated it to us |
| Transferrin | A protein that binds excess iron in blood and transfers it to an iron storage protein in the liver, called Ferritin |
| Lactoferrin | Binds up iron in milk, present in small amounts of cow milk and large amounts of breast milk |
| Humoral Molecule | Like proteins that travel freely through the blood stream and have a protective effect |
| Cellular Components | Cells that are produced by cells |
| Humoral Components | Molecules that are produced by cells |
| Megakaryocyte | Designed to die, when it dies it breaks up into tiny fragments that float in your blood stream and allows blood to clot when you have a cut that draws blood These tiny fragments are called platelets (Thrombocytes) |
| Interferons | Molecules that intefere w/ viral infections and cancer cells |
| Neutrophils | Most common type of leukocyte (50-70%). Can squeeze b/w cells in the walls of a capillary to reach infected site. Engulf and destroy any pathogens they encounter. Move from blood vessels to injured tissues by chemotaxis |
| Macrophages | Phagocytes - consume and destroy any pathogens they encounter. Also rid the body of worn out cells and cellular debris. Form from Monocytes |
| Basophils and Mast Cells | Less than 1% of all Leukocytes. Not Phagocytic. Leave the blood and accumulate at the site of infection or other inflammation. Release histamine and heparin into infection |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells | Attack the body's own cells that have been infected by microbes. Use specialized enzymes, perforin, to punch holes in these cells |
| Eosinophils | 1.5% of Leukocytes. Attack larger parasites such as blood flukes. Adhere to the external wall of parasite and release destructive enzyme |
| Chemotaxis | Response to chemical signals sent by damaged cells |
| Monocytes | Become Macrophages. Only constitute 5% of Leukocytes. Circulate in blood for some time, then migrate into body tissues and become macrophages |
| Antigen | Causes an immune response. Prompts the generation of antibodies |
| Antibodies | Y-shaped proteins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign material (such as bacteria, viruses). Made by B cells (plasma cells) |
| Cardiovascular System | Driven by beating of heart to move blood throughout body so oxygen can reach all of the body |
| Lymphatic System | Major highway system for T and B lymphocytes, packed into these nodules or nodes called lymph nodes that are clearing houses. Maintain fluid balance - drain fluid from cells & tissues and return fluid to the flood |
| Hypersensitivity | An excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate |
| Alloimmunity | Reaction to transplanted tissue from another person |
| Autoimmunity | Abnormal reactions to one’s own tissues |
| Allergies | Reactions to environmental antigens |
