| A | B |
|---|
| Peter Abelard | prominant scholastic thinker who wrote about his affair with Heloise in his autobiography, The Story of his Misfortunes |
| Heloise | French nun who wrote many letters to Peter Abelard, her former lover and the father of her child Astrolabe, which survive in the Letters of Abelard and Heloise |
| cerealization | term comprising many agricultural practices that allowed Europeans between 1000 and 1300 to cultivate most of the land in Europe: crop rotation, use of draft animals, the addition of iron blades and plows, and the spread of water mills and windmills |
| guilds | Associations formed by members of the same trade that regulated prices and working hours and covered members' burial costs. Only those who belonged to the guild could engage in the business the guild regulated |
| feudal | the legal and social systemin Europe from 1000 to 1400in which serfs worked the land and usbordinates performed military service for their lords in return for protection. The term came into use after 1600 as a legal concept |
| liberal arts | Basic core or curriculum in Europe between 500 and 1500 that consisted of the trivium and quadrivium. |
| scholasticism | Prevailing method of instruction between 1100 and 1500. held that students could arrive at a correct answer if they used their powers of reasoning to derive the answer from multiple citations of classical sources and the Bible. |
| simony | the sale of church office in Europe. Since church office was considered sacred, its sale was a sin |
| heresy | the offense of believing in teachings that the Roman Catholic Church condemned as incorrect |
| friars | Members of the begging orders established in Europe between 1100 and 1200, of which the Franciscans were the best known |
| Thomas Aquinas | One of the most famous scholastic thinkers and a member of the DOminican order. He wrote a book, Summa Theologica, juxtaposing the teachings of various church authoritites on various difficult questions |
| Crusader | term meaning " one who is signed by the cross," that indicated anyone who attatched a cross to his or her clothes as a sign of belonging to a large, volunteer force against Muslims. Between 1095 and 1291, eight different groups of Crusaders travled to the Holy Land in the hope of capturing Jerusalem |
| inquisition | Special court established by the pope to hear charges against those accused of heres. The inquisition used anonymous informants, forced interrogations, and torture to identify heretics. Those found guilty were usually burned at the stake |
| Hundred Years' War | war between the English and French fought entirely on French soil. At the end of the war, the kings of england and france had gained power to tax and maintain a standing army. |
| Great Western Schism | Dispute that divided the Roman Catholic Church, in which two, sometimes three, men claimed to be the legitimate pope. The French kings backed the popes living in Avignon; the English king supported the pope in rome |
| Parliment | Name for the different councils that advised the English kings and approved their requests for taxation |
