| A | B |
|---|
| Endul Tulvig | identified 4 types of memory |
| cue dependent memory | memory is dependent upon stimuli |
| context dependent memory | situation will trigger memory |
| state dependent memory | memory is brought on by emotions and physical experiences |
| framing | how a person states a question to influence the answer |
| Eidetic Memory | Photographic memory, memories are permanently branded in the long term memory |
| flashbulb memory | a certain incident can be remembered forever because of its meaningfullness |
| conflabulation | constructive memory- the brain will actively fill in a gap with what it believes should be there |
| selective attention | one has the ability to filter out stimuli around them, but can recognize something important; also known as cocktail party phenomenon |
| feature extraction | isolating a certain feature while filtering out everything around it |
| Ebbinghaus | developed the forgetting curve and nonsense syllables |
| forgetting curve | forget most material right away; small amount of retained material stays in LTM |
| inhibition | one memory disrupts another |
| retroactive interference/inhibition | new learning interfere with old knowledge |
| proactive interference/inhibition | old knowledge interferes with new information |
| Lashley | believed memories physically deteriorated |
| repression | unconsciously forgetting a memory; Freud |
| amnesia | loss of memory |
| thinking | an unobeservable activity by which a person reorganizes past experiences through the use of symbols and concepts |
| automatic processing | thinking of something becomes second nature (alphabet) |
| controlled processing | one must think of how to do something |
| serial processing | controlled thinking, one answer leads to another |
| parallel processing | multi-task thinking, doing more than one thing at once |
| brainstorm | problem solving and not being critical about answers |
| convergent thinking | one set solution, thinking leads to one answer |
| divergent thinking | more than one possibility for an answer |
| inductive reasoning | specific information leads to a general principle |
| deductive reasoning | general information leads to a specific solution |
| functional fixedness | the belief that one object does only one thing |
| mental set | focused on one way of thinking |
| break set | thinking outside of the box |
| learned helplessness | condition to believe you can't make a difference so you give up |
| learned laziness | people no longer try to do anything because they are rewarded without effort |
| metacognition | thinking about thinking |
| encoding | changing a physical stimulus into something sensory |
| iconic | sensory message is visual, type of encoding |
| echoic | auditory way of sending message into the brain, type of encoding |
| rehearsal | practice over and over again, |
| elaborative rehearsal | a type of rehearsal where the memory has such "deep meaning", it is easy to understand; moves infor to LTM |
| maintenance rehearsal | means of rehearsal by saying something over and over again; keeps info in STM |
| short term memory | temporary memory; holds about 7 items +/- 1 or 2 for about 30 seconds |
| long term memory | permanent storage of memory; unlimited capacity |
| retrieval | getting something out of long term memory for use |
| recall | a person comes up with information on his or her own; without cues |
| recognition | given clues to retieve information (multiple choice) |
| serial position effect | people tend to remember items on a list by where they are located |
| primacy | remembering the first few items on a list |
| recency | remembering the very last items on a list |
| semantic memory | factual memory; a form of declarative memory which requires a conscious effort to recall |
| procedural memory | skill memory which tells us how to do something in a step by step approach; implicit memory which requires little conscious effort to recall |
| episodic memory | remembering events from your life history; a form of declarative memory |
| ElizabethLoftus | focused on eyewitness memory; found that it is inaccurate, fluid, maleable |
| engram/memory trace | in animals, an established physical thread of memory which can deteriorate over time; in humans it is still conceptual; developed by Lashley |
| explicit memory | information which must be consciously thought of to be remembered |
| implicit memory | procedural memory which does not require conscious thought |
| availability heuristic | tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind |
| representativeness heuristic | judging something by how well it meets your prototype |
| concept | mental representations of related things |
| prototypes | most typical ex of a concept |
| working memory | a newer understanding of STM that involves conscous, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial info |
| spacing effect | tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retetion than is achieved through massed practice |
| self reference effect | tendency to better remember things related to ourselves |
| next in line effect | when we are next in line, we focus on our own performance and often fail to process the last person's words |
| haptic memory | sensory memory for touch that lasts for hte least amount of time |
| Kandel | psychologist who showed that forming a new memory produces functional and structural changes in neurons |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| source amnesia | attributing the wrong source of an event we have experience, heard about, read about, or imagined |
| Stroop effect | task invented to see if a list of words/color terms printed in ink color that differs from word named |
| working memory | active use of STM |
| relearning | learning something more quickly the 2nd time around |
| long term potentiation | basis of learning and memory; increase efficiency of potential neural firing |
| infantile amnesia | don't remember memories prior to the age of 3; hippocampus isn't fully developed |
| antereograde amnesia | can't make new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | can't remember the past |
| intuition | part of automatic processing; adaptive |
| overconfidence | overestimating accuracy of knowledge |
