| A | B |
|---|
| cells | the smallest unit of living things |
| four primary elements of cells | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| 60% of a cell | made up of water |
| interstitial fluid | saltwater solution bathing cells |
| cell length | ranges from 2 micrometers - 3 feet |
| cell's three main regions | nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane |
| three structures of the nucleus | nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin |
| nuclear envelope | barrier of a nucleus, containing nucleoplasm |
| nucleoli | site where ribosomes are assembles |
| chromatin | made up of DNA |
| nucleus | control center of a cell |
| plasma membrane | made of phospholipids and glycoproteins |
| polar phospholipid heads | hydrophilic (water loving) |
| non-polar phospholipid tails | hydrophobic (water hating) |
| blood type | determined by glycol proteins |
| microvilli | increase cell surface area for absorption |
| impermeable junctions | bind cells into leakproof sheets |
| desmosomes | anchoring junctions between cells |
| gap junctions | allow communication through connexons |
| basement membrane | underlies adjacent cells |
| cytoplasm | factory area of the cell |
| three elements of the cytoplasm | cytosol, organelles, and inclusions |
| cytosol | fluid that suspends the elements |
| organelles | metabolic machinery of the cell |
| inclusions | stored nutrients of cell products |
| mitochondria | site of aerobic energy production |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | channels for carrying protein |
| rough ER | studded with ribosomes |
| smooth ER | functions in lipid metabolism |
| golgi apparatus | sacs forming secretory vesicles |
| lysosomes | digest worn-out cell structures |
| peroxisomes | converts free radicals to hydrogen peroxide |
| catalase | converts hydrogen peroxide to water |
| intermediate filaments | help form desmosomes |
| centrioles | form the mitotic spindles |
| cilia | hair-like projections on cell surface |
| flagella | centriole projections forming a tail |
| cells that connect body parts | fibroblasts and erythrocytes |
| cells that line body organs | epithelial cells |
| cells that move body parts | skeletal muscle cells |
| cells that store nutrients | fat cells |
| cells that fight disease | macrophages (phagocytes) |
| cells that control body function | nerve cells (neurons) |
| cells of reproduction | oocyte and sperm cells |
| passive transport | energy-less travel across cell membrane |
| active transport | ATP-based travel across cell membranes |
| types of passive transport | diffusion and filtration |
| diffusion | movement along a concentration gradient |
| simple diffusion | unassisted movement across membranes |
| osmosis | water through a permeable membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | movement through a protein channel |
| filtration | movement along a pressure gradient |
| active transport (solute pumping) | ATP-induced movement against gradients |
| types of vesicular transport | exocytosis and endocytosis |
| exocytosis | vesicles moving substances out of cells |
| endocytosis | vesicles moving substances into cells |
| phagocytosis | cell eating |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | receptors bind to and internalize substances |
| periods of cell life cycle | interphase and cell division |
| interphase | involves cell growth and metabolic activity |
| two parts of cell division | mitosis and cytokinesis |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| early prophase | chromosomes appear; centrioles form spindles |
| late prophase | spindle microtubules attach to centromeres |
| metaphase | chromosomes align at the metaphase plate |
| anaphase | centromeres split; chromosomes move apart |
| telophase | chromosomes become chromatin again |
| mitotic time frame | 5 min to 2 hours |
| binucleate or multinucleate cells | condition of undivided cytoplasm |
| DNA replication | precedes mitosis |
| gene | DNA segment carrying information |
| enzyme | biological catalyst regulating reactions |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | carries the template for proteins |
| three varieties of RNA | messenger, ribosomal, transfer |
| messenger RNA | half of a DNA molecule |
| ribosomal RNA | where proteins are built |
| triplet | 3-base amino sequence on DNA |
| codons | corresponding 3-base sequence on mRNA |
| tRNA anticodons | bind to mRNA's complementary codons |
| tissues | groups of similar cells |
| four primary tissue types | epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle |
| epithelial tissue | lining, covering, and glandular tissue |
| epithelial function | protection, absorption, filtration, secretion |
| basement membrane | what the lower epithelium rest on |
| avascular | having no blood supply |
| types of epithelial layers | simple and stratified |
| simple epithelium | one layer of cells |
| stratified epithelium | more than one cell layer |
| types of epithelial shapes | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| simple squamous epithelium | very thin; air sacs of lungs |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | common in glands (i.e. salivary and pancreas) |
| simple columnar epithelium | goblet cells; entire digestive tract |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | non-stratified; ciliated respiratory tract |
| stratified squamous epithelium | most common; found in high friction sites |
| stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia | fairly rare in the body |
| transitional epithelium | subject to stretching (i.e. urinary system) |
| connective tissues | protects, supports, and binds tissues |
| extracellular matrix | cells plus nonliving substance |
| characteristics of connective tissue | variation in blood supply; extracellular matrix |
| bone (osseous tissue) | hard, protective matrix |
| cartilage | less hard but more flexible than bone |
| hyaline cartilage | forms supporting structures |
| fibrocartilage | forms disks between vertebrae |
| elastic cartilage | supports with elasticity (i.e. ear) |
| types of dense connective tissue | tendons, ligaments, dermis |
| loose connective tissues | areolar, adipose, reticular, blood |
| areolar tissue | underlies all mucous membranes |
| adipose tisse | subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin |
| reticular tissue | make-up lymphoid organs |
| blood | cells surrounded by a fluid matrix |
| muscle tissue | specialized to contract or shorten |
| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| skeletal muscle | striated; controlled voluntarily |
| cardiac muscle | under involuntary control |
| smooth muscle | found in walls of internal organs |
| peristalsis | wavelike muscular motion of digestion |
| nervous tissue (neurons) | characterized by irritability and conductivity |
| two types of tissue repair | regeneration and fibrosis |
| regeneration | tissue replacement with identical cells |
| fibrosis | repair with dense scar tissue |
| amitotic | cells without the ability to divide |
| neoplasm | new growth; benign or malignant |
| benign | harmless |
| malignant | cancerous |
| hyperplasia | enlargement due to a local irritant |
| atrophy | decrease in size |
