| A | B |
|---|
| Holy Roman Empire | The areas of France, Germany, and Italy that were influenced by the Pope during the Middle Ages, divided into three Kingdoms after Charlegmagne son died |
| Clovis | First King of the Franks to become Catholic |
| Charles Martel | The most powerful of the mayors, who united the all of the Franks under his rule with the help of the Pope, after Charles Martel helped the Pope defeat the Muslims from advancing into Spain |
| Charlemagne | Grandson of Charles Martel, he help expand the Frankish Kingdome into the Holy Roman Empire, which now consist of the countries of France, Germany, and Italy |
| Scandanavia | The location from where the Vikings came from, present day countries of Norway, Sweeden, and Findland |
| Vikings | a group of people from Scandanavia who were known for their sailing skills and terrifying raids on all of Europe; they robbed villages and churches for supplies |
| Feudalism | a system of social order where lords and vassals governed and protected the rest of the people (knigths, peasants, serfs) in return for their services, such as fighting or farming land |
| vassal | a noble who was loyal to a lord/king |
| knight | warriors in armour who fought on horseback who gave their loyalty to fight for a vassal or lord in return for land or fief |
| lord | another name for a King |
| fief | the granting of land and permission to rule the people on that land in return for loyalty to the vassal or lord |
| serfs | peasa ts who did not have many rights and could not own property, or marry with out the lord's approval |
| peasants | the people who worked the lords land |
| castle | the lords house built to withstand attacks durring times of war |
| guilds | a group of craftsmen who controlled the price and set the standard of quality of a product, and decided who could join a trade |
| William the Conqueror | King of Normandy who fought to become the King of England |
| Normandy | The northwestern section of France that was taken over by the Vikings |
| King John | King of England who was hated for his high taxes and was forced to sign the Magna Carta which gave more rights to the people |
| Magna Carta | Signed by King John, it took away some of the kings power and only allowed him to tax people if the Great Council agreed to it. It established the idea that people have rights and the power of the government should be limited |
| Anglo Saxons | A Germanic tribe that invaded Britain in the 400's |
| Franks | A Germanic tribe that gained control of the area of France in the 400's |
| Crusades | Holy wars fought by the kingdoms of Europe to gain back the holy lands of Jerusalem from the Muslim Turks |
| Black Death | a plague that swept across Europe and Asia, spread by rats in the 1300's |
| Plague | a disease that spreads quickly and kills many people |
| Joan of Arc | a peasant girl who helped inspire the French to regain the lands of Normandy from the English |
| 100 Years War | A war that lasted 107 years, fought by the French to regain the land of Normandy that was claimed by the British king |
| Magyars | a nomadic group of people who settled in present day Hungary |
| Pope | leader of the Catholic Church, who had a lot of influence on peoples actions during the Middle Ages |
| Manor | a castle and the peasant village and fields that surrounded it |
| King Alfred of Wessex | United the Anglo-Saxons into the Kingdom England |
