| A | B |
|---|
| Plane (gliding) | Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved, allowing sliding movements in one or two planes |
| Hinge | Rounded process of one bone fits into the concave surface of another to allow movement in one plane(uniaxial), usually flexion & extension. |
| Pivot | Rounded or conical surface of one bone articulates w/ a shallow depression or foramen in another bone. |
| Condyloid | Oval condyle of one bone fits into an ellipsoidal depression in another bone, allowing biaxial movement |
| Saddle | Articulating surfaces are saddle shaped; the articulating surface of one bone is convex, & the reciprocal surface is concave |
| Ball & socket | Ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another. These are multiaxial joints, allowing movement in all directions & pivotal rotation |
| Origin | Stationary, immovable, or less movable attachment |
| Insertion | The movable attachment |
| Flexion | A movement generally in the sagital plane, that decreases the angle of the joint & reduces the distance between 2 bones. Typical of hinge joints (bending the knee or elbow), or ball-&-socket joints (bending forward at the hip |
| Extension | A movement that increases the angle of a joint & the distance between 2 bones or parts of the body (straightening the knee or elbow)==if extension is greater than 180 degrees it is termed hyperextension (bending the trunk backwrds) |
| Abduction | Movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, generally on the frontal plane, or the fanning movement of fingers or toes when they are epread apart |
| Adduction | Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body |
| Rotation | Movement of a bone around its logitudinal axisw/out lateral or medial displacement. Common movement of ball-&-socket joints |
| Circumduction | A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction commonly observed in ball-&-socket joints like the shoulder |
| Pronation | Movement of the palm of the hand fron an anterior or upward facing position to a posterior or donward facing position |
| Supination | Movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position (anatomical position)- radius & ulna are parellel |
