| A | B |
|---|
| What was the British attitude toward India during WWII? | Home rule was suspended and India was ordered to support the war effort. |
| Why did the British attitude change after WWII? | Change of leadership in Britain who were more liberal and also Britain could not sustain the financial burder of maintaining an empire in India. |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Leader of the Muslim League in India who advocated for a separate Muslim state. |
| Mohandas Gandhi | Hindu leader of independence movement in India. Urged all Indians to act as one undivided nation. He proposed nonviolent resistance to British rule He did not promoted more industrialization for India and wanted it to return to self-sufficiency. |
| communalism | Emphasizing religious over national identity. Gandhi argues against communalism for India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah argued for communalism for India. |
| Jawaharial Nehru | Leader of the Indian independence movement. He promoted a strategy of nonalignment with the Cold War powers for the newly independent nation. |
| Indian National Congress | A group of educated Indians who led the movement to independence for India. |
| Muslim League | Like the Indian National Congress, it worked towards gaining independence for India. It also advocated for the interests of the Muslim population and advocated a separate state fro the Muslims. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the leader of the Muslim League. |
| Partition and Pakistan | India was partitioned (divided) into two countries: Pakistan for the Muslim and India for HIndus |
| What were the consequences of the partition of India? | Muslims and HIndus migrated to the respective countries and up to a million died in violence that followed. |
| Nonaligned Movement | A moement initially led by Nehru of India which promoted a "third path" of nonalignment with the Cold War powers of the United States and the Soviet Union Included Asian and African countries. |
| Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) | Leader of the independence movement in Vietnam. He ousted the Japanese after WWII and fought the French occupation with guerrilla warfare. He was aided by aid and arms from the communist Chinese. |
| Seventeenth Parallel | An agreement made in 1954 that Vietname would be divided at the seventeenth parallel with North Vietnma controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the communist forces, whereas Sought Vietnam would remain in the hands of noncommunists with a government supported by the United States. The U.S. supported south Vietnam because it did not want communism to spread. |
| The National Liberation Front or Viet Cong | Vietnamese from South Vietnam who opposed the noncommunist government and who fought against it with aid from North Vietnam and the Soviet Union and China |
| Vietnam War or "American War" | U.S. sent troops to help South Vietnam fight North Vietnam and the Viet Cong. It was an unpopular war in the United States and in 1973 U.S. troops left. Although a peace treaty was negotiated, the North Vietnamese reconquered South vietnam and unified the country in 1976. |
| Balfour Declaration of 1917 | British government committed itself to the support of a homeland for Jews in Palestine. |
| Zionist movement | Movement committed to combating anti-Semitism in central and eastern Eurpe by establishing a national Jewish state in Palestine. This movement intensified after the Holocaust in WWII. |
| Kibbutzim | Communal farms which the Jews established in Palestine in their attempt to turn the desert into a garden. Jews were allowed by the British (Palestine was under a British mandate after WWI) to migrate to Palestine and purchase land. Arab Muslims resented Jews as interlopers on land they considered rightly theirs. Violence would erupt. |
| State of Israel, May 1948 | WWII made the Arab/Jew conflict in Palestine more complex. The United Nation announced that two state, one Arab, one Jewish, would be created. Civil war broke out. In May 1948, Jews announced the creation of an independent state, the modern nation of Israel. |
| Palestinian refugees | Thousands of Arabs fled during the fighting. Many of those refugees and their descendents continue to be determined to rid the region of Israel. |
| Gamal Abdel Nasser | Egyptian prime minister who took complete control of the government and also a supporter of pan-Arab nationalism. He believed that Egypt should stay out of Cold War alliances and get help from both the U.S. and the USSR. He was an anti-imperialist and worked to destroy the nation of Israel and helped the Algerians in their fight to oust the French. He tried to abolish British military rights to Suez Canal (called the Suez Crisis) |
| Pan-Arab Movement | Movement led by the Nasser, the Prime Minister of Egypt, to rid the Arab world of imperialistic control as well as Israel. Also like Arab nationalism. The continuing animosity toward Israel provided a linking facotr between Arab nations of southwest Asia. |
| Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) | Government in exile for Palestinians displaced by Israel was created and headed by Yasser Arafat to promote Palestinian rights. |
| Palestinian self-rule | The Palestinians in Israeli-occupied territories were given limited self-rule. |
| Islamism | Term used to describe the desire for reassertion of Islamic values in politics of Muslim nations. Islamist don't like the social values apparent in western society and believe the answer lies in the revival of sharia law and Islamic values in politics and law. |
| jihad | Means a struggle to protect the faith. Rather than a return to Islamic values as a peaceful transformation, many extremists believe jihad justifies terrorist actions. |
| 1979 Iranian revolution | The Shah of Iran had come to power in 1953 with the help of United States. Under the Shah's leadership, Iran became more secular and western which was unacceptable to Islamist and the Shia Muslims. Shah was forced to flee Iran in 1979 and the Islamist Ayatollah Khomeini assumed power. The revolution was very anti-AMerican. and resulted in the shut down of US bases in Iran and the confiscation of US owned capital. |
| U.S. embassy in Tehran 1979. | Shia militants in Iran captured hostages at the U.S. embasy in Tehran and held 55 of them for 444 days. They were eventually freed but this act inspired other terrorists to undertake similar actions. |
| Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) | Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein, attacked Iran. UN brokered a halt to the fighting in 1988. |
| Kuwait in 1990 | Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990 and incited the Gulf War. |
| 9/11 bombing of the US World Trade Center in 2004 | The bombing caused President George Bush to start the war on terror led by the US who invaded Iraq in order to destroy Hussein'g weapons of mass desruction and Iraq's capacity to harbor global terrorists. |
| Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962) | French resisted decolonization because more than two million French had settled in Algeria and demanded protection. Thousands died before independence was granted. Frantz Fanon was the leader of the war of independence. He became well known and influential for advocating the use of violence against colonial oppressors. |
| Negritude Movement | African intellectuals started a movement that emphasized and promoted Africa's great traditions and cultures, poets, and writers. This promoted pride in Africa and encouraged Africans to turn away from European culture and colonial rule |
| Ghana | The first sub-Saharan country to achieve independence from the British in 1957. It was led by Kwame Nkrumah and was mostly peaceful. It inspired other African countries to seek independence |
| Kenya | Its independence from British rule was violent. White settlers violently clashed with an ethnic group called the Kikuyu who were angry because the white settlers had pushed them off the most fertile highland farm areas and reduced them to the status of wage slaves or relegated them to overcrowded tribal reservations. |
| Mau Mau | Name given to the Kenya tribe who attacked white settlers. Used guerillas style warfare to frighten white settlers. As a result Britain moved to suppress all nationalist movements even peaceful ones. Eventually Britain allowed independence . |
| South Africa | The anti-colonial agression was promoted by an oppressive white regime that denied basic human and civil rights to South Africans. |
| Afrikaner National Party | White South African party dedicated to quashing any move toward black independence. Under this party, the government instituted apartheid |
| Apartheid | A system of laws designed to control the black population of South Africa. This policy asserted white supremacy and racial segregation. 87 percent of the land was designated for white settlers. Black were classified according to ethnic identifications such as colored or mixed race and further divided into tribal associations. It was designed to keep black in a position of subordination. |
| African National Congress | Created to inspire campaigns to resist apartheid. When South African government banned all black organizations such as the ANC and jailed them, international opposition to white African rule increased and boycotts increased. |
| Nelson Mandela | A leader of the African National Congress who was jailed for leading anti-aparheid movement. When apartheid ended, Mandela was elected first black President of South Africa. |
| F.W. de Klerk | President of South Africa who stopped Apartheid system, freed Mandela, created a new constitution that allowed for free elections regardless of race. |
| Mao Zedong | Leader of communist party who created the People's Republic of China and forced the national government under Chinag Kai-shek to seek refuge on the island of Taiwan. He unified China for the first time since the collapse of the Qing dynasty. |
| Chinese 5-Year Plan | Mao Zedong's program of economic development that emphasized improvements in infrastructure and the expansion of heavy industy at the expense of consumer goods. A series of laws promoted the transfer of wealth among the population, eliminating economic inequality at the village level. Government took away land and redistributed the land so every peasant had at least a small plot of land. |
| Great Leap Forward | Mao Zedong's plan which collectivizes all land and to manage all business and industrial enterprises collectively. Private ownership was abolished. Result of this program was disastrous for agricultural. 20 million Chinese may have died from starvation. |
| Mao Zedong's treatment of women | Supported equal rights for women. Eliminated practices such as child or forced marriages, gave women equal access to divorce, and legalized abortion Foot binding became illegal. |
| Cultural Revolution | Designed to eliminate any one who was opposed to Mao's policies and direction for China. It targeted the elite, intellectuals, teachers, professionals, managers, and anyone associated with foreign or middle class or wealthy values. Victims were beaten, killed, or sent to labor camps. It had very negative consequences on China's progress and educational system. |
| Deng Xiaoping | The leader of China after Mao Zedong who led China out of isolation and promoted better relations with United States. He sent thousands of Chinese students to foreign universities to rebuild the professional, intellectual and managerial elite. |
| Tiananmen Square (1989) | Students who had been educated in the United States staged pro-democracy demonstrations. Deng approved a bloody crackdown on the students. |
| China's challenge for the 21st century | How to encourage economic growth and development but still maintain centralized political control. |
| 2008 Olympics | China's increaing global power and prominence became visible during the 2008 summer Olympics. |
| Mexico President Lazaro Cardenas | Mexican president from 1934-1940 who applied the reforms guaranteed to Mexicans by the Constitution of 1917. He followed the provisions that allowed for confiscation and compensation of land and redistribution. He also recognized the government's claim to the subsoil and its resources. He nationalize the oil industry and created PEMEX, a national oil company. |
| Argentina and Juan Peron | After WWII, a nationalist military leader gained controll of Argentina. He appealed to masses because he promoted industrialization and support of the working class, and protection of the economy from foreign control. His popularity with the masses was promoted by his wife Eva Peron (called Evita) who rose from the ranks of the very poor. |
| Guatemala in 1953 | The elected president of Guatemala, Jacobo Guzman, announced the government seizure of land from the United Fruit Company, owned by U.S. investors. He offered compensation but the US and the company found amount insufficient. Fearing that the Guatemala might be communistic, the President of the US authorized the CIA to overthrow the government. Land was returned to United Fruit Company but the US backed government was ruthless and oppressive. Civil War occurred. |
| Nicaragua in 1954 | The U.S. backed president of Nicaragua was anti-communist and helped in overthrowing the "communist" government in Guatemala in 1953. Aided by US, the Somoza family controlled Nicaragua for more than 40 years. The brutality and pro-US policies of Somoza alienated many of the Latin American countries. The Sandinista Front overthrew the Somoza government. |
| Sandinistas Front for National Liberation | Launched guerilla warfare aimed at overthrowing the US backed government in Nicaragua. They took power in 1979. The US/CIA backed Contras were given support to try to overthrow the Sandinista because it was believed they were supporting communism. |
