| A | B |
|---|
| what six organs comprise of the urinary system | two kidneys, two ureters, and the urinary bladder and urethra |
| the primary role of the kidneys is? | excretion |
| what do the kindeys filter in order to secrete toxic metabolic wastes | blood plasma |
| how do the kidneys regualte blood volume, pressure and osmolarity? | by regulating water output |
| kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoieten which stimulates what? | the production of red blood cells and thus supports the oxygen carrying capactiy of the blood |
| kidney particpiate in synthesis of what? | calcitriol |
| waste | any substance that is useless to the body or is present in excess of the bodys needs |
| metabolic waste | a waste substance produced by the body |
| 50% of the bodies most toxic waste is what | urea, its a nitrogeneous waste |
| what two nitrogeneous wastes are in urine and are produced by catobolism | creatinine and uric acid |
| blood urea nitrogen | the level of nitrogeneous waste in the blood |
| azotemia is what, and can lead to what? | a high blood urea nitrogen number and it can lead to uremia |
| Excretion | the process of seperating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them. |
| excretion is carried out by what four organ systems? | the respriatory system, the integumentary system , the digestive system, and the urinary system |
| the respriatory system excretes | carbon dioxide mostly |
| the integumentary system excretes | water, inorganic salts, latic acid, and urea as sweat |
| the digestive system excretes | eliminates food residue and actively excretes water, salts, lipids, bile, etc |
| the urinary system excretes | a broad range of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water |
| hilum | the part of the kidney that admits renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter |
| what three layers of connective tissue protect the kidney | the renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule and fibrous capsule |
| renal fascia | binds the kidney and organs to the abdominal wall |
| perirenal fat capsule | adiose tissue the cushions the kidney and holds it in place |
| fibrous capsule | encloses kidney and anchors it to the hilum |
| renal parechyma | glandular tissues that forms urine |
| the two zones of the parechyma are? | the renal cortex, and the renal medulla |
| renal cortex | outer |
| renal medulla | inner |
| renal columns do what> | project toward the sinus and divide the medulla into 6-10 pyramids |
| minor calyx collects what | urine |
| renal arteries divide into ___ which divide into ____ | segmental arteries, interlobar arteries |
| inter lobar arteries branch into___ which give rise to____ | arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries |
| affarent arterioles supply a functional unit of the kindey called A | nephron |
| a ball of cappilaries is called | glomerulus |
| blood leaves a glomerulus by what? | an efferent arteriole |
| vasa recta | arise from nephrons in the deep cortex close to the medulla |
| renal corpuscle | glomerulus and glomerular capsule |
| podocytes | consist of the inner layer of a glomerular capsule |
| what happens at the vascular pole | the affarent arteriole enters the capsule and the efferent arteriole leaves the capsule |
| urinary pole of a nephron | the parietal wall turns away from a corpuscle and gives rise to the renal tubule |
| what is the duct that leads away from tne glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a medullary pyramid | renaltubule |
| the renal tubule has four parts what are they and what do they do? | proximal convoluted tubule (absorbs), 2. nephron loop (filtrates) 3. the distal convoluted tubule (ends the nephron) 4. the collecting duct (recieves fluid from the distal convoluted tubule and passes it back to the medulla |
| the complete process from when glomerular fluid is made to urine excreted (12 parts) | 1. glomerular capsule 2. proximal convoluted tubule 3. nephron loop 4. distal convoluted tubule 5. collecting duct 6. papillary duct 7. minor calyx 8. major calyx 9. renal pelvis 10. ureter 11. urinary bladder 12. urethra |
| cortical nephrons | those close to the kidneys surface |
| what are the nephrons close to the medulla called | the juxtamedullary nephrons |
| the renal pleus stimulates sympathetic nerve fibers to reduce urine production, and ehat else? | kidneys secrete renin when blood pressure falls |
| the kidney converts blood plasma to urine in four stages, what are they? | glomerular filtration, tubular respiration, tubular secretion and water conservation |
| tubular fluid | flows through the proximal and distal convoluted tubules |
| fluid is called urine once it enter what? | the collecting duct |
| the glomerular filtration membrane includes what three things | the fenestrated endothelium of the capillary, the basement membrane, and filtration slits |
| glomerular filtration rate | the amount of filtrate formed per miute by both kidneys combined |
| renal autoregulation | ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without ecternal control |
| myogenic mechanism | a mechanism that stabalizes GFR |
| tubuloglomerular feedback | mechanism in which stabalizing GFR is based on the tendecy of smooth muscle |
| macula densA | slender closely spaced epithelial cells at the end of the loop on the side facing the areterioles |
| joxtaglomerular cells | enlarged smooth muscle cells that is associated with raising blood pressure |
| mesangial cells | cells in the cleft between afferent and efferent arterioles |
| ended on sypathetic control | x |
| x | x |
| x | x |
| x | x |
