| A | B |
|---|
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | A federal agency which insures bank deposits created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933. |
| National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA) | The chief measure to promote recovery was the NIRA. It set up the National Recovery Administration and set prices wages work hours and production for each industry. Based on theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity. |
| National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA) | Founded in 1933 to carry out the plans of the National Industry Recovery Act to fight depression. It established code authorities for each branch of industry or business. The code authorities set the lowest prices that could be charged the lowest wages that could be paid and the standards of quality that must be observed. |
| National Recovery Administration; "The Blue Eagle" | The NRA Blue Eagle was a symbol Hugh Johnson devised to generate enthusiasm for the NRA codes. Employers who accepted the provisions of NRA could display it in their windows. The symbol showed up everywhere |
| Hugh Johnson | Director of the NRA. |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA); Second AAA | 1933 - The AAA offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of designated products. It paid farmers for processing taxes on these products and made loans to farmers who stored crops on their farms. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. |
| Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act | 1936 - The second AAA appropriated funds for soil conservation payments to farmers who would remove land from production. |
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | Created in April 1933. Within 4 months 1300 CCC camps were in operation and 300000 men between ages 18 and 25 worked for the reconstruction of cities. More than 2.5 million men lived and/or worked in CCC camps. |
| Federal emergency Relief Administation (FERA) | Appropriated $500 million for aid to the poor to be distributed by state and local government. Harry Hopkins was the leader of FERA. |
| Civil Works Admnistration (CWA) | Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control soil conservation and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member. |
| Public Works Administration (PWA); Harold Ickes | Under Secertary of the Interior Harold Ickes |
| Works Progress Administration (WPA); Harold Hopkins; Federal Arts Project | The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors musicians and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories. |
| Home Owners' Local Corporation (HOLC) | Had authority to borrow money to refinance home mortgages and thus prevent forclosures. It lent over $3 billion to 1 million homeowners. |
| Federal Housing Authorities (FHA) | 1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair. |
| Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | 1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. |
| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); Senator Norris | A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The TVA built 20 dams |
| Rural Electrificaion Committee (REA) | May 1936 - Created to provide loans and WPA labor to electric cooperatives to build lines into rural areas not served by private companies. |
| National Youth Association (NYA) | June 1935 - Established as part of the WPA to provide part-time jobs for high school and college students to enable them to stay in school and to help young adults not in school find jobs. |
| Indian Reorganization Act | 1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands recognized tribal constitutions and government and provided loans for economic development. |
| Recognition of the U.S.S.R. | November 1933 - In an effort to open trade with Russia mutual recognition was negotiated. The financial results were disappointing. |
| Section 7A of the NRA | Provided that workers had the right to join unions and to bargain collectively. |
| Wagner Act | May 1935 - Replaced Section 7A of the NIRA. It reaffirmed labor's right to unionize prohibited unfair labor practices and created the National Labor Relations Board. |
| National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) | Created to insure fairness in labor-management relations and the mediate employers' disputes with unions. |
| Fair Labor Standards Act; maxium hours and minimum wage | June 1938 - Set maximum hours at 40 hours a week and minimum wage at 20 cents an hour (gradually rose to 40 cents). |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO); John L. Lewis | Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass production industries. In 1935 they created coalition of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938 the CIO was established as a separate entity. |
| Sit-down strikes | The strikers occupied the workplace to prevent any production. |
| Dust Bowl; Okies; John Steinbeck; The Grapes of Wrath | 1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression. |
| Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins | The nation's first woman cabinet member. |
| Elanor Roosevelt | A strong first lady who supported civil rights. |
| Keynesian Economics | The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that the government could pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power. |
| Deficit spending | FDR's admnistration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying power business enterprise and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds and had to borrow money. |
| Monetary policy; fiscal policy | In monetary policy |
| Revenue Act | 1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance large gift and capital gains taxes. |
| Liberty League | Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and promote the open shop. |
| Coalition of the Democratic Party: Blacks; unions; intellectuals; big city machines; South | Union took an active role providing campaign funds and votes. Blacks had traditionally been Republican but 3/4 had shifted to the Democratic party. Roosevelt still received strong support from ethnic whites in big cities and Midwestern farmers. |
| Huey Long; Share the Wealth; Gerald K. Smith | The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society. |
| Father Charles Coughlin | Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audiance of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency anti-sematism. |
| Dr. Francis Townsend | Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month. |
| Election of 1936: candidates; issues | Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt; Republican - Governor Alfred Landon; Union Party - William Lemke |
| Literary Digest Poll | 1936- An inaccurate poll taken on upcoming the presidential election. It over-represented the wealthy and thus erroneously predicted a Republican victory. |
| Second New Deal | Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit while others mostly the elderly thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935 referred to the Second New Deal. |
| Social Security Act | One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer. |
| Court-packing plan | Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation |
| Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes | Began to vote with the more liberal members in the liberal-dominated Supreme Court. In June a conservative justice retired and Roosevelt had an opportunity to make an appointment shifting the Court's stance to support of New Deal legislation. |
| Conservative Coalition | 1938 - Coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans who united to curb further New Deal legistators. Motivated by fears of excessive federal spending and the exspansion of federal power. |
| Robinson-Patman Act | 1937 - Amended federal anti-trust laws so as to outlaw "price discrimination" whereby companies create a monopolistic network of related suppliers and vendors who give each other more favorable prices than they do others. |
| Miller-Tydings Act | 1937 - Amended anti-trust laws to allow agreements to resell products at fixed retail prices in situations involving sales of trademarked good to a company's retail dealers. |
| Hatch Act | 1939 - Prohibited federal office holders from participating actively in political campaigns or soliciting or accepting contributions. |
| Adkins v. Children's Hospital | 1923 - The hospital fired employees because it didn't want to pay them what was required by the minimum wage law for women and children. |
| Gitlow v. New York | 1925 - Benjamin Gitlow was arrested for being a member of the Communist party. The New York court upheld the conviction. |
