| A | B |
|---|
| colonization | the act of creating new settlements |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | The first written set of principles (constitution) written in 1639 by Thoams Hooker |
| Great Awakening | A Christian movement that became widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s |
| Great Migration | Mass settlement of thousands of English people to the Americas btwn 1630 and 1640 |
| House of Burgesses | Colonial Virginia’s elected assembly. |
| immigrants | People who move to another country after leaving their homeland. |
| indentured servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years |
| Mayflower Compact | Document written by the Pilgrims that established general guidelines for self government |
| mercantilism | Practice of creating and maintaining wealth by carefully controlling trade |
| Navigation Acts | A series of English laws that required the American colonies to trade primarily with England; set duties on some goods |
| pilgrims | Members of a Puritan Separatist sect that left England to settle in the Americas |
| triangular trade | Trading networks in which goods and slaves moved among England, the American colonies, the West Indies and West Africa |
| New England Town Meetings | Political meeting at which people make decisions on local issues |
| Roger Williams | founder of Connecticut, former Puritan minister |
| William Penn | Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania |
| Anne Hutchinson | Puritan dissenter who joined Roger Williams in Connecticut |
| Quakers | peacful group of people that settled Pennsylvania |
| puritans | a Protestant group of people that wanted to reform or "purify" the Church of England |
| Articles of Confederation | The first written constitution which set up a weak central government and more state power. |
| checks and balances | Each branch of government has the ability to check the activities and powers of the other branches. |
| concurrent powers | Powers shared between the state and national government. |
| constitution | Written set of laws which the government must follow. |
| delegated power | Powers given to the federal government. |
| executive branch | Branch of government that enforces the laws. |
| federalism | Power of government should be divided between the federal and states within the union. |
| Great Compromise | larger states and smaller states that a lower house in Congress would be based on population and an upper house would have equal representation. |
| judicial branch | Branch of government which interprets the laws. |
| legislative branch | Branch of government which makes the laws. |
| New Jersey plan | Plan that representation in Congress should be equal (one vote) among states. |
| Northwest Ordinance | Established a system in which the western territories could eventually become states. |
| popular sovereignty | Power of the government should be with the people |
| reserved powers | Powers set aside for the state. |
| republicanism | Elected representatives should represent the people. |
| separation of powers | Division of power between three branches of government. |
| Shays's Rebelllion | Rising up of farmers in Massachusetts due to the economic crisis |
| Three-Fifths | Slave compromise stating that slaves would count for a particular portion in the census. |
| Virginia Plan | Plan that representation in Congress should be determined by population. |
| Constitutional Convention | Meeting of delegates in 1787 to form a new system of government. |
| unalienable rights | God-given, cannot be taken away by government |
| freedom of the press | Newspapers can criticize the government |
| freedom of assembly | people can attend a political rally |
| Battle of Saratoga | French give aide to the Americans after this victory |
| Battle of Yorktown | final victory which won the Revolution |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | Great Britian recognizes America as independent nation |
| Articles of Confederation | first Constitution- didn't give central gov't much power |
| due process | rights guaranteed to the accused |
| Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions | repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts |
| Erie Canal | Canal that ran across New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson Bay. |
| embargo | Banning of trade with another country |
| Marbury vs. Madison | U.S. Supreme Court case that established judicial review |
| War Hawks | Members of Congress that wanted to declare war on Britain in the early 1800s |
| protective tariff | A tax on imported goods that raises the price on imports |
| impressment | forcing people to serve in the British army or navy |
| nationalism | Feeling that a specific nation, language or culture is superior to others |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the U.S |
| political parties | Groups of people who organize to help elect government officials |
| Missouri Compromise | Also established the 36 31 parallel for slaves and free states. |
| Pinckney's Treaty | treaty that changed Florida’s border and made it easier for U.S. ships to use the port of New Orleans |
| Treaty of Ghent | Treaty signed by U.S. and Britain that ended the War of 1812 |
| national debt | Total amount of money owed by a country to its lenders |
| Alien & Sedition Acts | Laws which violated immigrants and anyone opposing the government's rights |
| embargo act | Law that prohibits American merchants from trading with other countries |
| judicial review | The Supreme Court’s power to declare a law unconstitutional |
| loose construction | allows the government to perform actions not specifically said in the Constitution |
| Louisiana Purchase | Purchase of the French land between the Mississippi and Rocky Mountains which doubled the size of the U.S. |
| strict construction | says the government should only take actions specifically said in the Constitution |
| French Revolution | Rebellion in France in 1789 when the French people overthrew their monarchy |
| Neutrality Proclamation | Statement made by Washington in 1793 that the U.S. would not side with any nations at war. |
| cabinet | Group made up of the heads of the executive department who advise the President. |
| foreign policy | How a country deals with the issues that arise with other countries. |
| Jay's Treaty | resolve issues of British seizing of ships, British occupation and U.S. debt to British merchants |
| XYZ Affair | Incident with the French when French agents attempted to get bribes from U.S. diplomats |
| Jacksonian Democracy | government where the common man is involved |
| corrupt bargain | election between Jackson and Adams that resulted in a deal between Clay and Adams |
| common man | ordinary citizen |
| spoils system | rewarding political supporters with government jobs |
| Tariff of Abominations | extremely high tariff that resulted in South Carolina's near secession from the Union |
| Nullification Crisis | Calhoun lead South Carolina to nearly secede from the Union over tariffs |
| Indian Removal Act | forcible removal of Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River |
| Worcester vs. Georgia | Supreme Court decision most closely associated with the removal of Native Americans |
| Trail of Tears | the enforcement of the Indian Removal Act which resulted in nearly 4,000 Cherokee deaths |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief that the it's the United States God-given right to expand to the Pacific Ocean |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Mexican cession of land after the U.S.-Mexican War |
| Gold Rush | occurred in California in 1849 that caused a migration of people to move west |
| transcendentalism | philosophy that people should think for themselves and rise as individuals |
| Industrial Revolution | manufacturing boom in the North beginning after the War of 1812 |
| Industrialization | moving from an agricultural society to a manufacturing society |
| Urbanization | population growth of cities |
| boycott | refusal to buy goods |
| repeal | to revoke or refuse |
| mercantilism | economic system which benefitted the mother country (Great Britain) |
| minutemen | elite group of militia that was prepared for battle quickly |
| First Continental Congress | colonies met, still believing a compromise with Great Britain was possible |
| Second Continental Congress | colonies met, and eventually declared independence from Great Britain |
| redcoats | British troops |
| Olive Branch Petition | the attempt by the colonies to compromise with Great Britain |
| patriots | colonists who wanted independence |
| loyalists | colonists who were against independence |
| Sam Adams | leader of the Sons of Liberty |
| Abigail Adams | early leader in women's rights |
| John Adams | lawyer and leader of the patriot cause - pen is mightier than the sword |
| Crispus Attucks | former African slave and first casualty of the Boston Massacre |
| Benjamin Franklin | creator of "Join or Die" political cartoon |
| Patrick Henry | early motivational speaker for independence - "Give me liberty or give me death" |
| Thomas Jefferson | author of the Declaration of Independence |
| John Locke | wrote early ideas of "natural rights" of men |
| Haym Solomon | Jewish merchant who made loans to finance new gov't |
| James Armistead | African American spy during the Revolution |
| Thomas Paine | author of "Common Sense" |
| George Washington | commander of the Continental Army |
