| A | B |
|---|
| acute renal failure | sudden and rapid decrease in the ability of nephrons within the kidneys to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, excrete nitorgen waste products, and perform regulatory functions such as maintaining calcification of bones and producing erythropoietin |
| acute tubular necrosis | death of cells within the collecting tubules of the nephrons, where reabsorption of water and electrolytes, and excretion of protein wastes and excess metabolic substances occur |
| anasarca | generalized edema caused by the shift of fluid from the intravascular space to interstitial and intracellular fluid locations |
| anuria | urine output of < 100 mL of urine over 24 hours |
| arteriovenous fistula | surgical anastomosis of an artery and vein lying in close proximity |
| arteriovenous graft | type of vascular access method that uses a tube of synthetic material or polytetrafluoroethylene to connect a vein and artery in the upper or lower arm |
| azotemia | accumulation of nitrogen waste products in the blood, evidenced by elevated BUN, serum creatinine, and uric acid levels |
| bruit | purring or blowing sound caused by blood flowing over the rough surface of one or both carotid arteries. In the case of the GU system, sound created by turbulent blood flow through an AV fistula or graft |
| calciuria | excessive calcium int he urine |
| calculus | precipitate of mineral salts that ordinarily remain dissolved in urine |
| casts | deposits of minerals that break loose from the walls of renal tubules |
| chronic renal failure | progressive and irreversible decrease in the ability of nephrons within the kidneys to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, excrete nitrogen waste products, and perform regulatory functions such as maintaining calcification of bones and producing erythropoietin |
| colic | acute spasmotic pain |
| dialysate | solution used during dialysis that has a composition similar to normal human plasma |
| dialysis | procedure for cleaning and filtering the blood that substitutes for kidney function when the kidneys cannot remove nitrogenous waste products and maintain adequate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances |
| dialyzer | semipermeable membrane filter within a machine that contains many tiny hollow fibers; during dialysis, blood moves through the hollow fibers and water and wastes from the blood move into the dialysate fluid that flows around the fibers, but protein and RBCs do not |
| disequilibrium syndrome | neurologic condition believed to be caused by cerebral edema; the shift in cerebral fluid volume occurs when the concentrations of solutes within the blood are lowered rapidly during dialysis |
| end-stage renal disease | less than 10% of nephron function remains and the point at which a regular course of dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary to maintain life |
| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy | procedure that uses shock waves to dissolve large kidney stones |
| glomerulonephritisqqhematuria | inflammatory renal disorder that occurs most frequently in children and young adults that is preceded by an upper respiratory infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, impetigo, or viral infections such as mumps, hepatitis B, or HIV |
| hemodialysis | technique in which blood is transported from a client through a dialyzer, a semipermeable membrane filter within a machine that removes water and wastes from the blood |
| hydronephrosis | condition in which an obstruction of urine from the ureter distends the renal pelvis |
| nephrectomy | surgical removal of a kidney |
| nephrolithiasis | presence of a kidney stone, the size of which may range from microscopic to several centimeters |
| nephrostomy tube | catheter inserted through the skin into the renal pelvis and used to relieve an obstruction to urine flow above the bladder |
| nocturia | urination during the night |
| oliguria | low urine output of less than 500 mL per day |
| osteodystrophy | condition in which the bones become demineralized as a result of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemiz |
| periorbital edema | puffiness around the eyes |
| peritoneal dialysis | technique that uses the peritoneum, the semipermeable membrane lining of the abdomen, to filter fluid, wastes and chemicals |
| pyelonephritis | acute or chronic bacterial infection of the kidney and the lining of the collecting system (kidney pelvis |
| pyeloplasty | surgical repair of the ureteropelvic junction |
| pyuria | pus inthe urine |
| thrill | vibration; a normal finding when palpating and AV graft or fistula |
| uremia | toxic state caused by the accumulation of nitrogen wastes in the blood |
| uremic frost | precipitate that sometimes forms on the skin during chronic renal failure because it becomes the excretory organ for substances the kidney usually clears from the body |
| ureteral stent | slender supportive device used to splint the ureter or divert urine past a possible tear int he ureteral wall |
| ureterolithiasis | presence of a stone within the ureter |
| ureteroplasty | removal of a narrowed section of ureter and reconenction of the patient portions |
| urolithiasis | condition of stones in the urinary tract |
