| A | B |
|---|
| What are the parts of the Urinary System? | 2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra |
| Which Kidney is lower and why? | Right, the liver is in the way |
| What are the two layers of the kidney, name and describe them. | Cortex, outter non-salty layer, Medulla, inner salty layer |
| What brings blood to the kidneys? | Renal Arteries |
| Where is blood filtered in the kidney? | Nephrons. |
| What are the jobs of the nephron? | Remove urea waste, regulateing water, keeping electrolyte balance |
| What organ works with the urinary system to make urea? | Liver |
| Why does the liver need to make urea? | NH4, ammonia is toxic to the body |
| What are the other non-urine forming jobs of the Kidney? | Make Vitamin D, Stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow, Regulating Blood Pressure with the help of ADH |
| What organ secretes ADH (antidiuretic hormone) that effects the Kidneys? | Posterior Pituitary |
| What is the function of Aldosterone? | Regulates Na+ ions Which increase water and ions in blood. |
| What is the function of Renin | Regulates Aldosterone and increases vaso-constriction. Increases BP. |
| What is the funcion of Bowman's Capsule | To separate Blood from filtrate (Water, waste, ec), found at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule |
| What is the function of the Glomerous | High pressure area that allows filtrate to enter the main body of the nephron and returns blood via the effernt arteriole to the heart |
| What is the function of the Loop of Henley | High salt content within the loop pulls out excess water = concentated urine |
| What part of the Kidney collects urine? | The Calyces followed by the Renal Pelvis |
| How does urine exit the Kidney? | The Ureter |
| Where does urine go to as it travels down the Ureter? | The bladder |
| Where does urine exit the body? | The Urethra |
| How much urine does a healthy person produce per day? | .6 - 2.5 L |
| What is the Micturition Reflex? | The urge to urinate. |
| What is a UTI? | Urinary tract infection |
| How can you get a UTI and how is it treated? | Antibiotics. Often bacteria grows up the urethra. Sometimes the bacterial infection is systemic (traveled through the blood stream) |
| Tell me three improtant facts about Kidney transplants. | 1. Must have histocompatibility (many cell markers must be the same) |
| Shock or dehydration can cause kidney failure how? | Arterial blood pressure drops and the glomerous can not filter waste. Kidney becomes deprived on nutrients and oxygens and dies. |
| What should you do if someone is in shock? | Head down to the side, feet up= increases blood pressure to vital organs. |
| What is gout? | Uric acid crytalizes in joints. Causes pain. Kidneys need to work harder and problem goes away. |
| Who often suffers from glucosuria? | Diabetics |
| What causes kidney stones? | Uric acid, calcium oxalate, calcium phophate, or magnesium phosphate concentrated in the renal calyx. Sound waves can be used to break it up. |
| What is proteinurea? | Inflamed glomerous causes proteins to be excreted in the urine, blood pressure and blood plasma drop. |
| Which parts of the body use perisalsis to move fluids? (That we have talked about so far) | Digestive system and Urinary system (ureters) |
| What is the job of the Digestive System? | Breaks down food and absorbs it into the blood stream than elliminates waste |
| Alimentary canal is also called | The GI or gastrointestinal tract |
| What are accessory organs of the digestive system? | Teeth, tongue, liver, etc. All organs food does not pass through. |
| What are the two parts of the digestive system? | Alimentary Canal and Accessory organs |
| What are the organs of the alimentary canal in order? | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| What enzyme in saliva breaks down carbohydrates (sugars) | Amylase |
| How many Salivary glands do you have and what are they called? | 3 paris: Parotid glands (anterior to ears), submadiublar (Under madndible), sublingual (under the tongue) |
| What is mastication? | Chewing |
| Where does the tongue attach? | Hyoid bone at the back, Frenulum at the front. |
| What are the three parts of the Pharynx? | Naso, Oro, and laryngopharynx |
| What process begins at the Pharynx and end at the anus? | Perisalsis (wavelike smooth muscle contractions that push food down the GI tract.) |
| What is the job of the esophagus? | Transport food from the mouth to the stomach |
| What keeps food in the C-shaped stomach for over 3 + hours at a time? | Top: Cardioesophageal sphincter, Bottom: Pyloric sphincter |
| How does the stomach stretch to hold over 2 Liters of food and fluid? | Rugae, folds in the stomach. |
| How does the stomach digest food? | Gastric pits secrete gastric juice. Cief cells in the pit produces pepsiongen = break down protein, Parietal cells produce HCL break down food. Both create chyme. |
| What is the lenght of the average small intestine? | 20 feet = 6 meters conected by mesentery to absorb nutrients |
| What are teh jobs of the small intestine? | Digest food in the duodenum and absorb food in the jejunum and ilium |
| What are the three parts of the small intestine in order? | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| Where do the digestive juices in the Duodenum come from? | Pancrease: Trypsin and others to break down Carbohydrates, Proteins and fats, Bile from the liver to emulsify fats |
| What is the pH in the stomach? in the small intestine? | Stomach is acidic, Small intestine is neutral = pH of 7 ish |
| What is the length of the Large intestine? | 1.5 meters or 5 feet-ish |
| What is the job of the large intestine. | Absorb Water |
| What are the parts of the large intestine? | Cecum, Appendix (holds bacteria to hemorage out for re-establishment), Colon where fecal dessication occurs, rectum and anal canal |
| What are teh parts of the Colon? | Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid |
| How is fecal mater held in the body? | Anal sphincters. External is voluntary (under your control), internal is involutary (under the bodies control) |
| How is urine held in the body? | External voluntary and Internal Involuntary sphincter. |
| What is absorbed in the large intestine? | Water, vitamins, ions |
| What is in fecal matter? | Undigested food, mucus, bacteria, and water |
| What disease do you get if bile is stored inthe ballbladder too long and crystalizes? | Gallstones |
| What is Jaundice? | Bile pigments enter bloodstream turning a person yellow. Can result from hepatitis, cirrhosis, or infantile jaundice where the liver is not yet fully funcioning. |
