| A | B |
|---|
| what are the 4 major food groups | milk/dairy, grains/breads, meats, fruits/vegetables |
| carbohydrates | primary energy source for brain and nervous system. used by other tissues |
| fats | while most can be synthesized two are essential |
| what are the two essential fats | linoleic and linolenci acids |
| proteins | converted to amino acids, can be used for energy but primary use is building new ones half of these are essential |
| carbohydrates release how many kilocalories per every gram? | 4 |
| what can be used to syntesize amino acids, fats, and nucleic acids. | carbohydrates |
| what are examples of complex carbs you should have | starches and cellulose |
| what are examples of simple sugars you should have | sucrose and fructose |
| in fats how many kilcalories are released | nine |
| these are the precursor for many homrones and produce CoA | fats |
| essential amino acids | cant be produced by the body |
| nonessential amino acids | can be produced by the body |
| complete protein | provides essential and nonessential amino acids (usually animals) |
| incomplete protein | insufficient in one or more amino acids, (plants |
| what are the major minerals | calcium, phosphorus, (sodium, potassium and chloride) and magnesium |
| calcium | bones, clotting, and muscle function |
| phosphrous | bones, energy, and genetic material |
| sodium, potassium, and chloride | fluid level maintenece |
| magnesium | cellular metabolsim |
| trace minerals include | iron, copper, iodine, and fluoride |
| iron | oxygen transport |
| copper | enzymes |
| iodine | proper thyroid function |
| fluoride | tooth decay prevention, and is not required by the body |
| how many well identified vitamins are there? | 13 |
| water souble vitamins | eight B vitamins and C vitamins |
| Fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E, and K |
| water soluble vitamins def | vitamins that cannot be stored by the body they must be consumed |
| fat soluble | vitamins are retained in the bodys fat so can be stored to some extent |
| vitamin supplements | large doses of water soluble vitamins are eliminated from the body |
| pantothenic acid | B5 |
| niacin | B3 |
| riboflavin | B2 |
| thiamine c | B1 |
| pyridoxine | B6 |
| folic acid | AB vitamin |
| biotin | AB vitamin |
| Cobalamin | B12 |
| ascorbic acid | vitamin c |
| trans- retinol | vitamin a |
| phylloquinone | vitamin K1 |
| cholecalciferol | Vitamin D |
| tocopherol | Vitamin E |
| which vitamins are not water soulble but, lipid soluble? | Vitamin A, Vitamin K1, Vitamin D, And Vitamin E |
| deficiency of B1 | nausea, exhaustion, paralysis |
| deficiency of B2 | dermatitis |
| deficiency of niacin | weak muscles, no appeteite, diarrhea and dermatitis |
| deficiency of folic acid | anemia |
| deficiency of pantothenic acid | anemia |
| deficiency of biotin | dermatitis, muscle weakness |
| deficiency of vitamin C | tender tissue, weak bleeding gums, and swollen joints |
| deficiency of vitamin A | inflamed eyes, night blindness, scaleness of skin |
| deficiency of vitamin D | rickets |
| deficiency of vitamin E | breakage of red blood cells |
| deficiency of vitamin K | blood clotting disorders |
| metabolism | the summation of all chemical reactions in an organism |
| metabolic energy yields | 32 ATP |
| carbohydrates are | simple sugars |
| fats are | fatty acids and glycerol |
| proteins are | amino acids |
| ATP is used as what in metabolic energy yield | its the basic energy transfer unit |
| ATP is... | a nucleotide composed of three basic units |
| ATP converts to ADP when energy is released when... | a phosphate is removed |
| ATP to ATM is | fatty acid oxidation |
| GTP and UTP what happens? | guanine and uracil replace the adenine |
| what is the powerhouse of the cell | the mitochondria |
| mostly phospholipids, and chlorestorol. contains transport proteins that form pores, very permeable | the outer membrane mitochondria |
| includes cristae, matrix, and is not permeable. contains three types of proteins | inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| cristae | highly folded structures |
| matrix | inside space of cristae |
| inner membrane ttransport proteins | used to move materials across inner membrane |
| inner membrane respriatory chain proteins | complexes that are responsible for production of ATP from energy sources |
| Inner Membrane ATP synthase proteins | used for the production of ATP, requires oxygen |
| the number of mitochindria in a cell varies widely based on what? | the energy requirements of the cell |
| mitochondria and bacteria share what? | same size, own genetic material, own protein, self-replicating |
| Acetyl coenzyme A does what | its a carrier for the acetlyl unit produced from glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation |
| what are the two coenzyes used in metabolism? | NAD+ oxidized form and NADH reduced form |
| nad+ AND nadh are used in what kind of reactions | redox |
| FAD is what? | another major eletron carrier in metabolsim that involves a two electron transfer so it picks up two hydrogen |
