| A | B |
|---|
| metabolism | summation of all chemical reactions in the body |
| large macromolecules such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down into smaller things during energy metabolism | simple sugars, fatty acids & glcerol, and amino acids |
| ATP | the basic energy transfer unit |
| stage one of catobolic processes is what | hydrolysis of food into subunits carried out by the digestive system |
| salivary glands | secrete amylase and digest starch 1 |
| stomaach secretes | HCl to denature proteins pepsin 1 |
| pancreas secretes | proteolytic enzymes and lipases, degrades proteins and fats 1 |
| the liver and gall bladder do what? | deliver bile salts and emulsify fat globules to make it easier to digest |
| the small intestine plays what role in the first stage of catabolic processes | the small intestine further degrades materials, and produces amino acids, hexose, sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol. it moves materials into blood for transport to cells |
| stage two of catabolic processes is what? | conversion of monomers into a form that can be completely oxidized |
| sugars in the second stage | start as glucose or fructose, and are converted into acetyl COA |
| amino acids in the second stage | all are deaminated, and cane enter at any stage |
| fatty acids in the second stage | converted to acetyl COA and glycerol is also used |
| stage three of catabolic processes includes what? | the complete oxidation of nutrients and the production of ATP |
| in stage three what is everything converted to? | acetyl COA |
| the acetyl group in stage three is taken to where? | the citric acid cycle |
| in the citric acid cycle acetyl is converted into what? | CO2 and energy |
| glycolysis is in what stage of carbohydrate metabolism? | the first stage |
| simple sugars are broken down into what in glycolysis | pyruvate |
| anaerobic process..... | no oxygen needed |
| glycolysis t/f | true |
| what does glycolysis use | 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2ADP, 2 NAD+, 2PO43- and 10 different enzymes |
| the net energy produced from glyclysis is what? | 2 ATP |
| in addition to 2 ATP being made in the glycolysis what also can go on | 2 pyruvate can go onto the citric acid cycle to produce more energy |
| what three enzymes regulate glycolysis? | phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase |
| hexokinase | inhibited by glucose 6- phosphate |
| phosphofructokinase | inhinbited by ATP and citrate |
| pyruvate kinase | inhibited by ATP |
| in human cells pyruvate is converted into what and where? | converted into acetyl COA in the mitochondria |
| fermentation | an aerboic process beyond glycolysis |
| what does fermentation make? | it makes NAD + when there is not enough in our body |
| NAD + must be regenerated from what? and if its not what happens? | NADH or glycolysis will stop |
| lactate fermentation | produced by muscles when the body cannot supply enough CO2 |
| anerobic fermentation of pyruvate to lactate permits regulation of what? | NAD+ |
| with more NAD+ the body can make more ATP but what is the cost of this | oxygen debt |
| extra O2 must be used to oxidize lactate later | ... |
| Lactate fermemntation | carried out by the liver in the cori cycle |
| lactic acid fermentation causes | food spoilage |
| heterolactic fermentation produces. | sauerkraut |
| propionic acid fermentation | produces holes and flavor in swiss cheese |
| the citirc acid cycle is the final stage in catabolic processes, it is an... | oxidative cycle in which it requires oxygen |
| the citric acid cycle is also known as the | krebs cycle |
| what is the first step of the citric acid cycle | acetyl coA and the acetate portion combines with oxaloacete to form citrate |
| steps 2-8 of the krebs cycle | citrate back to oxaloacetate |
| in steps 2-8 acetate is oxidized into ... | 2 CO2 |
| at the end of the cycle what do you have | oxlacetate again and GTP or other forms of energy |
| cyclic | the oxalactase is reused |
| synthesis occurs where? | in the cytoplasm for glycolysis and the production of fatty and aminoacids |
| oxidation occurs in the? | mitochondria, |
| oxidative phosphorylation | most energy comes from this process |
| what are used to produce additonal ATP when they are oxididzed? | NADH and FADH2 |
| oxidative phosphorylation relies on what? | the flow of electrons using a complex structure in the mitochondria |
| electron transport chain | responsible for the portion of the process responsible for oxidizing NADH to NAD+ |
| what is the result of oxidation of NADH | H+ build up in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria which drives the second portion of the sysytem |
| F0 | movement of H+ |
| F1 | production of ATP |
| what controls the citric acid cycle | insufficient oxygen, or reduction in energy demand causing a build up of ATP , NADH inhibits |
| where is glucose synthesized | liver in gluconeogenesis |
| the cori cycle | muscles lack the enzyme needed to convert pyruvate to glucose 6-P it must be sent to the liver |
| glycogen | a glucose polymer that serves as the bodys quick energy reserve. it is stored in the liver and in skeletal muscles |
| glycogen metabolism | glycogenesis |
| glycogenesis | coversion of glucose to glycogen |
| where does glycogenesis occur? | can occur in all cells but primarily in the liver and skeletal muscles (primary place is the liver but also present in the kidneys and intestines) |
| what controls glucose levels | insulin |
| insulin | a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas |
| insulin is stored as what? | stored as proinsulin as small granules |
| insulin stimulats glucose uptake by binding to what? | receptors in the cell membrane to permit glucose to enter the cell |
| what does the pancreas produce insulin as in the inactive form | proglucagon |
| low glucose levels converts proglucagon to what? | the active form |
| high glucose = | insulin |
| low glucose= | glucagon |
| epinephrine is also a glucose control level hormone that does what? | effects both liver and muscle tissue |
| hyperglycemia | too much glucose in blood, insulin is stimulated, inhibits covesion of glycogen to glucose |
| hypoglycemia | too little glucose in blood, glucagon is released and negates the effects og insulin by converting glycogen to glucose |
| diabetes mellitus (hyper) | a syndrome caused by lack or dimished effectiveness of endrogenous insulin |
| insulin dependent diabetes melitus | typical and asscocitated with autoimmune diesases, they need insulin injections |
| non-insulin dependent diabetes melitus | impaired insulin production or insulin resistance |
| acute DM | ketones in breath (ketoacidosis) weight loss. polyuria |
| suacute | history of above symtoms along with lethargy and infection |
| how do you diagnos diabetis | oral glucose tolerance test |
