| A | B |
|---|
| How did the Renaissance lead to the Reformation? | The ideas and spirit of seeking new information and questioning things led to people questioning the authority of the Catholic Church. |
| Whose actions began the Protestant Reformation? | Martin Luther |
| What did Martin Luther write and post? | His 95 Theses, a list of complaints against the Church |
| What were his main complaints? | The sale of Indulgences and corruption |
| What is an indulgence? | Having to pay for forgiveness from sins |
| What happened to Luther? | He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and formed the Lutheran Church. |
| What are the main ideas of Lutheranism? | Salvation by Faith. Everyone is equal before God. The Bible is the ultimate religious authority. |
| John Calvin began what religion? | Calvinism. |
| What are the main ideas of Calvinism? | Predestination, strict lifestyle, hard work ethic. |
| What is predestination? | God already knows who is saved before anyone is born. |
| Who was the King of England of broke from the Catholic Church over the issue of divorce? | Henry VIII. |
| What religion did Henry VIII create? | Anglicanism/Church of England. |
| Who is the head of the Anglican church? | The monarch of England, not the pope |
| What other actions did Henry VIII take against the Catholic Church? | Took their lands and wealth in England |
| Who made Anglicanism the official religion of England and the made the monarch the official leader? | Elizabeth I with the Act of Supremacy |
| Victory in this battle saved England from an invasion by Spain. | The Spanish Armada in 1588 |
| What areas of Europe became protestant? | Northern Europe, England, Scandinavia |
| This war began as a conflict between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. | The 30 Years War |
| What was the name of a French Calvinist? | Huguenot |
| What granted the first religious freedom in Europe? | The Edict of Nantes gave religious freedom to Huguenots in France. |
| What role did Cardinal Richelieu play in the 30 Years War? | He changed the focus of the war from religious to political. Kept France out of major fighting, allowed France to become dominant power in Europe. |
| What reaction did the Catholic Church have to the Protestant Reformation? | The Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation was begun |
| What did the Counter Reformation do? | Meetings like the Council of Trent reinforced Church teachings and practices. The Church agreed to fix the corruption and do away with indulgences. |
| How did the Catholic Church maintain power in Spain and Italy? | Through the use of the Inquisition, those who questioned the Church or tried to become Protestant were arrested, tortured, or killed. |
| What role did Ignatius Loyola play in the Counter Reformation? | Founded the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) to spread Catholic teachings. |
| What is secularism? | Non-religious |
| How did the Renaissance and Reformation lead to a greater sense of individualism? | People felt more free to question ideas and teachings, education increased, and people began to think of themselves in secular terms instead of religious. |
| What role did the printing press play in the Reformation? | The Bible was translated and published, allowing people to read it for themselves instead of relying on Church authorities. It also spread Luther's 95 Theses throughout northern Europe. |
| At the end of the Reformation era, what areas of Europe were Protestant and Catholic? | Northern Europe became Protestant, Southern Europe stayed Catholic. |
