| A | B |
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| Maximilen Robespierre | Member of Committee of Public Safety who was a key figure of the Reign of Terror. He helped with the guillotine which killed thousands. He was killed in the guillotine in July 1794 which began the ending of the Reign of Terror. |
| John Wesley | Founder of the Methodist religion in Europe. Sent many of his followers to America to start an independent Methodist movement. |
| John Locke | Wrote Two Treatises of Government, believed in natural law and natural rights, believed in consent of the governed, the government has an obligation to protecting the rights of people to “life, liberty, and property,” if the government fails this obligation the people have the right to revolt against the government |
| Thomas Hobbes | Against natural law and natural rights, Wrote Leviathan, thought people were morally bad and that there would be chaos without rules, believed in social contract - people give up freedom and natural rights to government so it can protect and control them |
| Montesquieu | Wrote the Spirit of the Law, invented Separation of Power |
| Voltaire | Said “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it,” created Freedom of Speech |
| Denis Diderot | Wrote the Encyclopedia, believed strongly in free access to information |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Wrote The Social Contract, believed people are born morally good but are corrupted by society as they grow up, believed people should consider what is best for majority rather than themselves, believed there should be fewer laws and that people should have a say in making them |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Wrote a Vindication of the Rights of Women, believed strongly in equal education for men and women |
| Adam Smith | Physiocrat, Wrote the Wealth of Nations, believed economics should be based on a free market, laissez-faire economics, and division of labor |
| Catherine the Great | Enlightened despot of Russia, Read about enlightened ideas, especially Voltaire, and gave some people a Bill of Rights. |
| Frederick the Great | Enlightened Despot of Prussia (present-day Germany), Had tight control over his people, wanted Prussia to be a great military country, allowed freedom of the press and reduced torture use, gave people of Prussia public education, religious freedom, and made laws simpler |
| Joseph II | Enlightened Despot of Austria, put equal taxation and equal punishment into practice, allowed freedom of religion, abolished torture and death penalty, made government more modern, and put an end to censorship of enlightened works |
| King George I | First of the Hanover line of Kings of England, Was from Germany and couldn’t speak English which was a problem, created the cabinet and prime minister to help him |
| Thomas Jefferson | Studied philosophy of the Enlightenment and incorporated it, mostly John Locke’s ideas, into the Declaration of Independence |
| King Louis XVI | King of France during the start of the French Revolution, Contributed to France’s economic problems by spending wastefully on himself and called the Estates-General to help him deal with it, Shut down the National Assembly’s meeting place |
| Olympe de Gouges | Found it unfair that nowhere in Declaration of the Rights of Man did it give any rights to women and wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women as a response, Believed that women should have equal rights with men, Expressed her ideas in public and was executed on the guillotine as a result |
| Napoleon | Overthrew the Directory with the Consulate and placed himself as the First Consul, Told everyone he would turn France into republic, Became emperor due to a plebiscite, Was an enlightened despot and created the Napoleonic Code, which put many enlightened ideas into practice |
| Thomas Malthus | Believed that if the population continued to grow there would not be enough food to supply everyone, Thought that the poor should stop having children or there wouldn’t be enough food to feed everyone thus destroying the economy |
| David Ricardo | Agreed with Thomas Malthus, Thought that the workers should stop having children because there wouldn’t be enough jobs for these children which would cause high unemployment and ruin the economy |
| Jeremy Bentham | Creator of utilitarianism which is when you do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. |
| John Stuart Mill | Utilitarian philosopher, believed predominant goal in public policy should be general happiness, believed in equal rights of men and women and women’s right to vote, believed government should be utilitarian to help workers who were being taken advantage of by their owners |
| Robert Owen | Creator of socialism, set up two utopian societies, New Harmony and New Lanark, to show socialism where a company owned nearly everything in the community and was paid but still the workers were treated equally |
| Karl Marx | Father of Communism, Wrote the Communist Manifesto with Frederick Engels, stated that you had to start off with capitalism in order to reach communism because workers were being taken advantage of by owners making the class struggle between the haves and have nots inevitable, predicted the have nots would overthrow the haves are create a classless society, Known as Marxism at first and the name, these theories known as Marxism |
| Franz Ferdinand | Heir (next in line) to the throne of Austria Hungary, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip while in Sarajevo with his wife, his assassination was the immediate cause of World War I |
| Gavrilo Princip | Serbian who was part of the Black Hand who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| Czar Nicholas II | Czar Nicholas II |
| Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolsheviks, went into hiding after the Revolution of 1905, Asked for help by Kerensky as a result of the Kornilov Affair, lead the overthrow of the Provisional Government, gained full control of Russia, issued the New Economic Policy to get the economy going |
| Leon Trotsky | Leader of the Bolsheviks, used to be a Menshevik, went into hiding after the Revolution of 1905, Stalin was chosen over him for control of Russia when Lenin died, was hunted in Mexico and killed by Stalin |
| Grigori Rasputin | A peasant in Russia, nicknamed the “Mad Monk,” that cured Czarina Alexandra’s son, who had hemophilia, which allowed him to influence government decisions, was plotted to be murdered by Nicholas’s family |
| Alexander Kerensky | Placed as head of the Provisional Government, many people disliked him because he promised a democracy (which no one knew and cared about) and kept Russia in the war, did nothing to make Russia better, had to call the Bolsheviks for help due to the Kornilov affair |
| Lars Kornilov | Saw how Russia was being affected by Kerensky’s rule and threatened to lead his Cossacks (special forces) in revolt to overthrow the provisional government, this was known as the Kornilov Affair |
| Winston Churchill | He replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister of Britain. He was apart of the Atlantic Charter, where he and President Franklin Roosevelt met on a ship to discuss postwar goals. |
| Victor Emmanuel III | He was the leader of Italy until the March on Rome. After the March on Rome he appointed Mussolini and started a new government. When Mussolini was kicked out of power, he put Mussolini in prison. |
| Neville Chamberlain | The Prime Minister of Britain when WWII started. He chose appeasement at the Munich Conference. |
| Charles De Gaulle | He was put on secretary-general of the Higher Council of National Defense and was assigned to study the mobilization of France in a war crisis in 1931. Also in 1931 he was put in charge of the French Government. In 1940 he wrote The Army of the Future and he warned about how reliance on the Maginot Line was bad. |
| Benito Mussolini | Appointed as the leader of Italy in 1922 and he turns the government to Fascism. He signed the Lateran Treaty with the Pope so Mussolini could get him out of the way. In 1935 he leads the invasion of Ethiopia because Ethiopia had rich resources. Made allies with Hitler in the Rome-Berlin Axis. Was kicked out of power in 1943 and was imprisoned. He was executed in 1945. |
| Adolf Hitler | Formed the Nazi Party in 1923 and attempts to overthrow the government leaders in a beer hall (bar), known as the Beer hall Putsch. He is thrown in jail and he writes Mein Kampf which outlines the domination of Europe. Became elected chancellor of germany in 1933, and burned the Reichstag. Achieved full power on March 23, 1933. |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) | President of the United States throughout most of WWII. Dies of a heart attack in 1945. Helped get US out of depression. |
| Tojo Hideki | Was the military commander of Japan and even though Hirohito was emperor Hideki made all military decisions during world war 2 except surrender |
| Hindenburg | The president of the Weimar Republic who was elected in 1925 and appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933 |
| Harry Truman | The president of the United States at the end of World War Two. (He was FDR’s vice president, so when FDR died, he took over.) Made the decision to drop the Atomic Bombs, and made it easily because he knew it would prevent more casualties of U.S. troops |
