| A | B |
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| During the early years of the Republic, which group had all of the political power? | white male landowners |
| What political party was founded by Alexander Hamilton? | Federalists |
| What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan? | whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debt, national bank |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank? | strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional |
| Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| What was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789? | federal court system |
| What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison? | judicial review |
| What foreign policy was established under President George Washington? | avoid foreign alliances (neutrality) |
| What did President George Washington warn the nation about in his Farewell Address? | maintain neutrality and avoid political parties |
| What incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France during John Adams' presidency? | XYZ Affair |
| Which territory did the United States purchase from France to gain full access to the Mississippi River? | Louisiana Purchase |
| Who did Thomas Jefferson appoint to explore the Louisiana Territory? | Lewis and Clark |
| What was a cause of the War of 1812? | impressment |
| What was the result of the political fight between Hamilton and Jefferson over the creation of the national bank? | creation of the two-party system |
| Which event proved that the national government would enforce the law under President Washington? | Whiskey Rebellion |
| What word defines the national unity expressed during the Era of Good Feelings? | nationalism |
| Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South? | cotton gin |
| What were the primary features of Henry Clay's "American System"? | protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank |
| Who benefited from protective tariffs? | manufacturers (ex. New England textile manufacturers in the early 1800s) |
| Who benefited from internal improvments (transportation projects)? | Western farmers |
| Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City? | Erie Canal |
| What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution of the mid-1800s? | textile |
| Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery? | Missouri Compromise |
| Which word defines the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| Which Supreme Court case upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank? | McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which federal Indian policy was begun under President Andrew Jackson? | Indian Removal (1830); reservations |
| What foreign policy did the Monroe Doctrine (1823) establish? | opposition to European colonization of Latin America |
| What issue caused the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832? | high tariffs |
| What political issues were supported by Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun in the mid-1800s? | nullification/states' rights and slavery |
| What reform was supported in the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? | women's suffrage |
| Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)? | state (pet) banks |
| Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery? | abolitionism |
| Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s? | Second Great Awakening |
| Which abolitionist led the anti-slavery movement as the publisher of "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Which reform movement(s) were Sarah and Angelina Grimke known for? | abolitionism and women's rights |
| Westward expansion was encouraged by which belief in the mid-1800s? | Manifest Destiny |
| Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico? | the Alamo |
| Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836? | slavery |
| Which war was a result of "Manifest Destiny" in the mid-1800s? | the Mexican War |
| Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession taken by the United States after the Mexican War (1848)? | California, New Mexico and Utah territories |
| Which historical event was a result of the Indian Removal Act? | Trail of Tears |
| What practice did Andrew Jackson begin to reward political supporters with government offices? | spoils system/patronage |
| What acts were passed to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession? | Compromise of 1850 |
| What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | popular sovereignty |
| What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called? | Underground Railroad |
| What was the primary issue in the Republican party platform during the election of 1860? | no slavery in new states/territories |
| Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories? | Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas debates about? | slavery in the territories |
| Which historical event led to the formation of the Confederacy? | 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War? | preserve the union |
| Which proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union? | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| Which battle was key turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a defeat of Lee's army? | Gettysburg |
| Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River? | Vicksburg |
| Which political party supported civil rights for African-Americans during Reconstruction (1865-1877)? | Republican party |
| After the Civil War, what was the period or reform and readmission of Southern states into the Union called? | Reconstruction |
| What officially freed the slaves? | The Thirteenth Amendment |
| Which legislation resulted in equality for blacks and the occupation of the South by federal troops after the Civil War? | Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 |
| Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage? | The Fifteenth Amendment |
| Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction? | share-cropping |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The Compromise of 1877 |
| Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| After Reconstruction ended, what measures were used in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| What was the primary issue that resulted in the secession of the southern states in 1860-1861? | slavery |
| What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War? | states' rights (related to slavery) |
| Which act was passed to promote farming on the Great Plains? | Homestead Act (1862) |
| What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities? | transcontinental railroad |
| What invention ended the era of open range and cattle drives? | barbed wire |
| Where did the government force tribes to live to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers? | reservations |
| Which battle was the last conflict between the government and American Indians? | Wounded Knee (1890) |
| What federal Indian policy was begun under the Dawes Act? | assimilation/"Americanization" |
| What hardships did farmers face in the West? | falling crop prices and high railroad shipping rates |
| What political party was formed by farmers' alliances? | the Populist party |
| List the economic reforms supported by the Populists. | government regulation of the railroads, bimetallism |
| What money policy was proposed by the Populists to help raise crop prices? | bimetallism |
| Where did most "new" immigrants come from after 1890? | southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland) |
| What was one of the effects of increased immigration to the United States in the late 1800s? | cheap labor, urbanization, ethnic neighborhoods |
| Which trust enabled John D. Rockefeller to control the oil industry? | Standard Oil |
| Which methods were used by business leaders to grow the size of their companies? | horizontal and vertical integration |
| What business structure enabled business leaders to eliminate competition during the late-1800s? | trust |
| What term is used to describe the opposition to foreign immigration? | nativism |
| Which theory explained how America's wealthy were proof of the "survival of the fittest" in the late 1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What did workers form to fight for better working conditions in the late 1800s? | labor unions |
| What tactic did the labor unions like the American Federation of Labor (AFL) use achieve their goals? | strikes and collective bargaining |
| Which act was passed to prevent trusts from forming monopolies? | Sherman Antitrust Act |
| What was the purpose of the Pendleton Civil Service Act? | end corruption caused by the "spoils system" |
| What did reformers like Jane Addams establish to aid immigrants in urban areas? | settlement houses |
| Political machines in American cities grew in power by attracting the support from which group in the late-1800s? | immigrants |
| Which act was signed by President Franklin Roosevelt to give labor unions the right to use collective bargaining and go on strike? | Wagner (National Labor Relations) Act |
| Who won the presidential election of 1912? | Woodrow Wilson (Dem.) |
| What act was passed under Woodrow Wilson to reform the nation's banking and financial system? | Federal Reserve Act |
| What act was passed under President Woodrow Wilson to stop trusts from forming monopolies? | Clayton Antitrust Act |
| Which leader supported vocational education to improve African-American society during the earl 1900s? | Booker T. Washington |
| Which African-American leader demanded immediate social and political equality during the early 1900s? | W.E.B. Dubois |
| What methods were used in Southern states to disenfranchise African-Americans? | poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| What laws were passed in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow |
| What practice was supported by the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson? | segregation ("separate but equal") |
| List an economic reform supported by the Progressive movement | regulating big business |
| What did the United States create to become a world power at the beginning of the 1900s? | strong navy (ex. Great White Fleet) |
| Which social theory was used to support imperialism in the late 1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What goals were reasons for American expansion as a world power in the late 1800s? | naval bases, new markets, Social Darwinism |
| What cause of the Spanish-American war were newspaper editors Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst associated with? | yellow journalism |
| Which event led to the Spanish-American War? | explosion of the U.S.S. Maine |
| What achievement was a result of Theodore Roosevelt's "Big stick" diplomacy? | the Panama canal |
| What role did the U.S. take in Latin America as a result of the Roosevelt Corollary? | international police power |
| Which policy was used by President William Howard Taft to support U.S. business interests in Latin America and China? | dollar diplomacy |
| Which policy was used by President Woodrow Wilson to support democracy in Latin America? | missionary diplomacy |
| What territories did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| What was the U.S. foreign policy towards European affairs prior to World War I? | neutrality/isolationism |
| Which event threatened American neutrality during World War I? | sinking of the Lusitania |
| What were the reasons for U.S. entry into World War I? | unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman telegram |
| What idealistic goal did Woodrow Wilson have in World War I? | peace without victory |
| What did Congress enact to limit free speech and prevent anti-war activism during World War I? | Espionage and Sedition Acts |
| What progressive reform was a result of women's efforts during World War I? | 19th Amendment/suffrage |
| What were Wilson's plans for peace after World War I called? | Fourteen points |
| What was a result of the Treaty of Versailles? | punishment of Germany; League of Nations |
| Which economic policy benefitted big business during the 1920s? | laissez faire capitalism |
| What was a result of "buying on margin" and overspeculation in the stock market during the 1920s? | Stock Market Crash of 1929 or "Black Tuesday" |
| What were the basic characteristics of the U.S. economy the 1920s? | economic expansion |
| Which financial practices encouraged consumers to borrow money for household purchases during the 1920s? | easy credit and the installment plan |
| Which music was popularized during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s by Louis Armstrong and other black entertainers? | Jazz |
| Which group represented social change for women during the 1920s? | flappers |
| Which cultural movement was associated with African-American culture and black pride during the 1920s? | The Harlem Renaissance |
| Which event exemplified the conflict between religion and modern science during the 1920s? | the John T. Scopes trial |
| What did the Women's Christian Temperance Union and Christian Fundamentalist groups support during the 1920s? | prohibition |
| What was President Franklin Roosevelt's proposals to deal with the Great Depression of the 1930's called? | New Deal |
| What New Deal program provides direct benefits to the elderly and disabled? | Social Security |
| What is the long-term impact of President Franklin Roosevelt's the New Deal? | increased government involvement and regulation |
| Which period of Roosevelt's presidency involved a series of emergency measures and government programs to provide direct relief against the Great Depression? | the "First Hundred Days" |
| What acts allowed the United States to aid Britain with military supplies? | Lend-Lease |
| During World War II, which nations formed the Axis powers? | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Which political leader led efforts to expose communist influence in American government and society during the Red Scare of the 1950s? | Senator Joseph McCarthy |
| What event brought the U.S. into World War II? | Pearl Harbor |
| What was the U.S. military strategy in the Pacific against the Japanese during World War II? | island hopping |
| Which battle was the turning point that stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific during World War II? | Midway |
| Which military action was the turning point that enabled the Allies' to liberate France during World War II? | D-Day (Operation Overlord) |
| U.S. aid to Greece and Turkey during the Cold War was a result of which anti-communist policy? | Truman Doctrine (containment) |
| What scientific project resulted in the creation of the atomic bomb during World War II? | Manhattan Project |
| What did President Truman do during World War II to force Japan's unconditional surrender? | atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| Which act provided low-cost home loans and free college tuition to World War II veterans? | the G.I. bill |
| What international organization was established after World War II to maintain world peace? | United Nations |
| What was the long period of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union called after World War II? | the Cold War |
| Which plan was developed to provide aid for rebuilding Europe after World War II? | the Marshall plan |
| What strategy was used by the Truman administration to stop the spread of communism? | containment |
| What was the Truman administration's goal in the Korean War? | containment |
| What was President Eisenhower's strategy for containment of communism? | brinkmanship |
| Which event nearly resulted in the Kennedy administration's use of force against the Soviet Union during the Cold War? | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| What symbolized Soviet communist control in Berlin during the Cold War? | Berlin Wall |
| What international alliance was created during the Cold War to defend western Europe against Soviet aggression? | N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) |
| What ended segregation in public schools? | Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
| Which legislation banned segregation in public accomodations and discrimination in the workplace? | Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Which legislation was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to increase African-American suffrage? | Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| What was the first colonial legislature to be established in the British colonies? | House of Burgesses |
| What document established self-government for the Pilgrims? | Mayflower Compact |
| Prior to the French and Indian war, what term described the British policy of allowing colonies to govern their own day-to-day affairs? | salutary neglect |
| After the French and Indian War, which act levied the first-ever direct tax on the colonies? | Stamp Act |
| What was supported in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? | nullification/states' rights |
| What non-violent strategy was used my Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement in the 1950s and earl 1960s? | civil disobedience |
| What was the primary cause of the American Revolution? | taxation without representation |
| What did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urge colonists to do? | declare independence from Britain |
| Which document described American political beliefs and listed the reasons for breaking away from Great Britain? | Declaration of Independence (1776) |
| Which document established the national government of the United States after the Revolutionary War? | Articles of Confederation |
| Which event showed that a constitutional convention was needed to strengthen the national government? | Shays Rebellion |
| Which plan resulted in the creation of a bicameral Congress for our legislative branch? | Great Compromise/Connecticut plan |
| Which political group supported the ratification of the Constitution? | Federalists |
| Which political group opposed the Constitution because it didn’t have a Bill of Rights? | Anti-Federalists |
| What was the name of the essays that were written to gain support for ratification of the Constituton? | Federalist papers |
| At the Constitutional Convention, which plan favored a new government with representation based on population? | Virginia plan |
| At the Constitutional Convention, which plan favored a government with equal representation for each state? | New Jersey plan |
| Which part of the U.S. constitution protects personal freedoms such as expression, right to bear arms, and rights of the accused? | Bill of Rights |
| Which Supreme Court decision supported the constitutional right to have an abortion? | Roe v. Wade |
| The women's liberation movement campaigned to ratify which failed constitutional amendment? | Equal Rights Amendment |
| Which federal regulation requires schools to provide equal access for women to educational and athletic opportunities? | Title IX |
| What were some of the results of environmentalism in the 1960s and 1970s? | Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| What was the goal of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society? | end poverty and racial discrimination |
| What programs were created under Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" legislation to aid the poor? | Medicaid Medicare, Food stamps, Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Head Start |
| What was the goal of American military involvement in Vietnam? | containment |
| Which resolution enabled President Lyndon Johnson to increase America's involvement in Vietnam? | Tonkin Gulf Resolution |
| What was the turning point that resulted in a loss of public support for President Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War? | Tet Offensive |
| Riots at which event demonstrated the division in American society created by the Vietnam War? | the Democratic National Convention of 1968 |
| Which presidential candidate was elected in 1968 by promising "peace with honor" in Vietnam and "law and order" at home? | Richard Nixon |
| What was President Richard Nixon's strategy in Vietnam? | Vietnamization |
| Which war-time issue was involved in the case of NY Times v. U.S.? | freedom of the press (to publish the Pentagon Papers) |
| Which act was passed by Congress to limit President Nixon's ability to use the U.S. military in Vietnam? | War Powers Act (1973) |
| Which theory resulted in U.S. military involvement in Vietnam? | Domino theory |
| What was President Nixon's foreign policy to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China called? | Detente |
| What event symbolized the failure to prevent the spread of communism in Vietnam? | the fall of Saigon (1975) |
| Which practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (1971)? | forced busing/integration programs |
| Which practice was upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Bakke v. University of California Board of Regents (1978)? | affirmative action |
| What economic problems did the United States face during the 1970s? | energy crisis, stagflation |
| Which scandal resulted in the resignation of President Nixon? | Watergate |
| Which court decision ordered President Nixon to release the White House tapes to the Senate Watergate committee? | U.S. v. Nixon |
| Who became the president of the United States after Nixon resigned from office? | Gerald Ford |
| Which candidate won the presidential election of 1976 by promising to restore faith and honesty in government again? | Jimmy Carter |
| What peace treaty was negotiated between Israel and Egypt by President Jimmy Carter? | Camp David Accords |
| Which event resulted in a loss of public confidence in President Carter's foreign policy? | Iran Hostage crisis |
| What was Ronald Reagan's missile defense plan called? | Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or "Star Wars" |
| Which scandal involved the Reagan administration's illegal support of anti-communist rebels? | Iran-Contra |
| Which treaty was made between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles? | INF treaty |
| Which event symbolized the fall of communism in eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War? | the fall of the Berlin Wall |
| What event was the result of Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990? | Persian Gulf War |
| Where did Ronald Reagan send U.S. troops to turn back communism in the 1980s? | Grenada |
| What were the primary features of Reagan's supply-side economic policies? | tax cuts and deregulation |
| Cutting taxes to create wealth is an example of which economic theory? | Ronald Reagan's "trickle down" or "supply-side" economics |
| What was the primary economic problem under presidents Reagan and Bush during the 1980s and early 1990s? | budget deficits |
| Which candidate won the presidential election of 1992 by campaigning as a moderate "New Democrat"? | Bill Clinton |
| Which president led the international military action against Saddam Hussein in the Persian Gulf War of 1991? | George H.W. Bush |
| What treaty increased trade by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico? | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
| On which issue did political disagreements between the Republicans in Congress and President Bill Clinton lead to a government shut-down in 1995? | budget battle |
| Recent immigration has resulted in which group becoming the largest ethnic minority in the United States? | Hispanics |
| Which area of the country has had the fastest population growth in recent decades? | Sunbelt |
| Why was President Bill Clinton impeached? | obstruction of justice and lying under oath |
| Which government programs are going to be affected by the aging U.S. population in the future? | Social Security and Medicare |
| Which court decision ended the Florida recounts in the presidential election of 2000? | Bush v. Gore |
| Which legislation was enacted under the Bush administration to reform public education through increased accountability and school choice? | No Child Left Behind |
| Which terrorist network attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001? | Al-Queda |
| After the Sept. 11 attacks, what legislation was passed to improve the government's ability to investigate terrorist threats? | Patriot Act |
| Who did the United States take military action against immediately after the Sept. 11 attacks? | Taliban (Afghanistan) |
| What was the result of the Bush doctrine to prevent attacks against the United States? | pre-emptive strike/invasion of Iraq |
| Where did the American population move to after the construction of developments like Levittown and the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s? | suburbs |
| Which president's progressive reulation of big business resulted in the Pure Food & Drug and Meat Inspection Acts? | Theodore Roosevelt |
