| A | B |
|---|
| Pauling | unit for electronegativity |
| Metallic | Bond formed by sharing delocalized e- |
| electronegativity | tendency of a bonded atom to attract shared electrons |
| covalent | bond formed by sharing electrons |
| conduction band | where delocalized electrons are found and are free to travel |
| Van der Waals radius | distand of closes approach of nonbonded atoms |
| semiconductors | have a small forbidden zone |
| 1st ionization | energy needed to remove the most loosely held e- from an atom |
| ionic | bond formed by transfer of electrons |
| ionic radius | distance from the center of a charged atom o the end of its electron cloud |
| polyatomic ions | charged particles containing covalently-bonded atoms |
| molecule | two or more atoms covalently bonded |
| electron affinity | the attraction an atom has for its outer e- |
| forbidden zones | gaps between energy bands |
| bond strength | increases as electronegativity difference decreases |
| electron clouds | repel each other when 2 nonbonded atoms approach one another |
| bond angle | avserage number of degrees between 2 bond axes |
| bond length | average distance between nuclei along bond axis |
| insulators | have a large forbidden zone |
| delocalized | electrons in a metal that are free to travel |
| covelent radius | distance between the nucleus of an atom in a molecule and its outer e- cloud |
| bond axis | line joining the nuclei of 2 bonded atoms |
| bond character | depends on electronegativity differences |
| radii | bond length can be determined by adding together the ___ of 2 bonded atoms |
| infrared spectrophotometer | can be used to determine molecular structure |
| 4 types of radii | atomic, covalent, ionic, Van der Waals |
| Covalent compound characteristics | low melting points, not good conductors, insoluble, brittle |
| ionic compound characteristics | high melting points, water soluble, good conductor, well defined crystals |
| electrons | ionic radii differe from atomic radii because of the loss or gain of ___ |
| flourine | the element ___ has the highest electronegativity |
| low | most active metals have (low/high) electronegativity |
| high | most active NONmetals have (low/high) electronegativity |
| greater | When electronegativity is 1.67 or ____, the bond is ionic |
| ionic & covalent | nearly all bonds have both _____ characteristics |
| less | When electronegativity is 1.67 or ____, the bond is covalent |
| bauxite | ore containing aluminum |
| boron nitride | compound used to make bullet proof vests, superabrasive |
| LiCO3 | compound used to treat bipolar disorder |
| alkynes | carbon atoms with triple bonds |
| alkenes | carbon atoms with double bonds |
| alkanes | carbon atoms with single bonds |
| gallium nitride | used to make DVD players using blue light lasers |
| Al2O3 | crystals which make up rubies and sapphires |
| tincture | solution of alcohol and iodine |
| He (Helium) | 2nd most abundant element in the universe |
| silicon | 2nd most plentiful element in the Earth's crust |
| solder | alloy made of tin and lead |
| alumimum | most plentiful metal in the Earth's crust |
| reducing agent | any substance that removes O from another substance |
| ammonia | compound used to make HNO3 and fertilizers |
| catenation | tendency to form chains of similar atems |
| gallium arsenide | compound that produces electricity when exposed to light. Used to make solar panels & light powered calculator |
| oxygen | most plentiful element in the Earth's crust |
| bronze | alloy made of tin and copper |
| borosilicate | glass that can withstand extreme temperature differences |
| Bi (Bismuth) | element that is active ingredient in popular nausea & diarrhea treatments |
| Fr (Francium) | Most reactive metal |
| noble gases | common name of group containing colorless, nonreactive gas |
| nitrogen | diatomic element that forms 78% of the atmosphere |
| halogens | reactivty decreases down the group |
| alkali metals | group tha forms binary compounds with halogens |
| allotropes | different forms of the same element |
| F (Fluorine) | most reactive element |
| CaCO3 | compound used as an abrasive in toothpase and found in the antacid Tums |
| mineral | element or inorganic compound found in nature as solid crystals |
| catalyst | material which speeds up a reaction or lowers activation energy |
| ore | material from which a mineral can be removed at a reasonable cost |
| Al (Aluminum) | metal with 80% of the conductivity of copper |
| K & Na | elements vital for nerve impulses |
| Pb (Lead) | toxic metal, provides protective shield against x-rays, once used in pipes, paint & gasoline |
| In (Indium) | element named for spectrum color. Used for transparent wires in touchscrees. Used to isolate 3- quantum dots |
| Ca (Calcium) | Group IIA element found in lime. used to treat acidic H2O and soil. Combines with Si to make reducing agent in steel production. |
| Si (Silicon) | Group IVA element found in glass, transistors, computer chips & motor oils |
| Ba (Barium) | used in internal medicine, absorbs X-rays |
| Sn (Tin) | very malleable metal @ -40'C turns rapidly to dust |
| Ge (Germanium) | metalloid used in semiconductors, optical equipment & electric amplifiers |
| Tl (Thallium) | element meaning green twig; very poisonous, causes hair to fall out |
| S (Silicon) | Nonmetal with 10 allotropes, contributes to acid rain |
| Se (Selenium) | studied by Crooke. Can convert light into electricity |
| I (Iodine) | solid at room temperature. sublimes. Needed for a healthy thyroid. |
| Ar (Argon) | Noble gas used in high temperature welding. Made compound in year 2000 at -445'F (-252.8'C) |
| As (Arsenic) | Poisonous metalloid. Produces hallucinations, black coating on tongue, tingling of hands and feet. Roman assasins smeared it on twigs. |
| He (Helium) | Colorless, unreactive noble gas. Emits pale yellow light. Mixed with O2 for deep sea divers. Named for Greek God of the sun |
| Te (Tellurium) | Metalloid that bonds to Ag and Au. Easily separated by heat. (garlic & onions X100) Very bad smell |
| Br (Bromine) | Halogen that is liquid at toom temperture. Word means stench. |
| Xe (Xenon) | Noble gas combined with PtSiF6 to form 1st noble gas compound by Bartlett (1962) |
| F (Fluorine) | pale yellow gas, highly reactive, poisonous gas. Reacts with all elements except He & Ne |
| Sb (Lead) | used to make super acid with pH of -31. Used as makeup in ancient Egypt. Used to make Britannia tableware. |
| Ra (Radium) | Radioactive element once used to paint watch hands. Discovesred by Marie Curie. |
| Mg (Magnesium) | Alkaline earth metal used in light weight alloys. |
| Cl (Chlorine) | green gas at room temperature. Found in bleach, purifies water, removes stains, poisonous gas, stomach acid. |
| Rn (Radon) | heaviest known gas, radioactive, breaks down into Po. |
| At (Astatine) | radioactie, rare, no known uses. Made by alpha bombardment of Bi. |
| Ne (Neon) | colorless, unreactive noble gas. Emits orange light. |
| Po (Polonium) | Radioactive chalcogen, rare, extremely toxic. |
| F (Fluorine) | added to toothpaste, drinking water to protesct teeth. Used for uraniium enrichment. |
| Cl (Cholorine) | Halogen found in PVC & table salt. Discovered by Davy 1810. |
| Kr (Krypton) | Noble gas used in light bulbs and insulated windows. Compound made 1963. |
| 3 high explosives made of N | TNT, Nitroglicerine, dynamite |
| 3 allotropes of carbon | graphite, diamonds, carbon black |
| The most abundant chemical produced by industry | sulfuric acid |
| Allotrope of P which needs a flame to ignite | red |
| Allotrope of P which ignites on contact with air | white |
| ferromagnetism | Strong attraction of a substance to a magntic field |
| invar | alloy of steel + Ni. Used for measuring tapes |
| Mn steel | alloy of steel, known for hardness, used for safes |
| metallurgy | Branch of applied science that studies and designs methods for extracting metals and their compounds from ores |
| magnetism | The ability of a substance to be affected by a magnetic field |
| Tungsten (W) Steel | Alloy of steel. Withstands high temperatures. Used for high speed cutting tools. Filgment in light bulbs |
| galvanizing | When iron is dipped in molten zinc |
| dental amalgam | Alloy containing Hg. Used for tooth fillings |
| stainless steel | Alloy of steel + Ni + Cr. Corrosion resistant, used for eating utensils, jewelry, surgical instruments |
| brass | Alloy of Cu and Zn. Used for doorknobs, coinage, and plumbing |
| electron | causes magnetic field |
| woods metal | alloy of Bi, Pb Sn, Cd. Used in automatic sprinklers |
| alloy | a solution of metals |
| alnico | allloy made of Co, Ni, Al. Used for loud speakers |
| sterling silver | alloy of Cu and Ag. Used in tableware, jewelry |
| Pewter | Alloy of Sn, Sb, and Pb. Used for tableware. |
| bronze | Alloy of Cu and Sn. Used for baby shoes, bells, medals, and bearings |
| Os (Osmium) | Element used as a catalyst in Haber process |
| Damascus steel | steel used for swords, made stronger by adding extra carbon |
| solder | alloy of Pb and Sn. Used in welding |
| Co (Cobalt) | Contained in vitamin B-12. Used to make blue pigment in glass |
| Pd (Palladium) | Superabsorbent of hydrogen. Used in fuel cells |
| Cr (Chromium) | Word means color. Very resistant to corrosion. Used to make stainless steel |
| Ir (Iridium) | Contained in asteroids along with Fe and Ni |
| Rh (Rhodium) | Word means rose color, used to make shiny finish on white gold |
| Ag (Silver) | Best conductor of Electricity, may turn skin blue |
| Zn (Zinc) | Corrosion resistant, used to galvanize iron |
| Pt (Platnium) | Noble metal, dense malleable, expensive metal |
| Mo (Molybdenum) | Word means lead-like. Used to strenghthen steel |
| Co (Cobalt) | Fe, Ni, and .... can for permanent magnets |
| Ta (Tantalum) | Dense Metal, heat and corrosion resistant, holds charge well, used in cell phones, 60% of wold supply found in Congo, named for Greek mythological figure that killed his son and served him at a royal banquet |
| Ti (Titanium) | highest strength/weight ratio of any metal |
| Ti (Titanium) | used to make white pigments, 9th most abudant megal in earth's crust |
| Db (Dubnium) | named for city in Russia. First named Hahnium |
| Nb (Niobium) | named after Greek mythological figure that had 7 daughters and 7 sons |
| Elements found unreactive enough to be found in nature as pure elements | Au, Pt, Pd, Ag |
| Most widely used metal, gives blood its red color | Fe (Iron) |
| Synthetic element, named for Dutch scientist | Bh (Bohrium) |
| Mn (Manganese) | used in cave drawings. Glass maker soap |
| Re (Rhenium) | rare element used to make super allloys in jet engines |
| Ru (Ruthenium) | named for russia, used for writing tip in Pavleer 51 pen |
| W (Tungsten) | Gives strength to steel. Used for light bulb filaments |
| sythetic element. Segri isolateed element from radioactive Mo parts | Tc (Technetium) |
| Hg (Mercury) | toxic metal also called quick silver |
| V (Vanadium) | used by some organisms instead of Fe in blood. Green blood. May make tongue green |
| Rf (Rutherfordium) | Synthtic element, named for New Zealand scientist |
| V (Vanadium) | used to make special steel alloys (automobile crankshafts) |
| Mg (Magnesium) | Scandium has a diagonal relationship with Mg |
| Y (Yttrium) | Compounds of this element are used to produce red color in picture tubes |
| synthetic elements named after living scientist | Sg (Seaborgium) |
| Only liquid metal at STP | Hg (Mercury) |
| Au (Gold) | 2nd best conductor, used for currency |
| contained in asteroids wtith iron, contained in alloy in prototype Kg | Ir (Iridium) |
| Cu (Copper) | 3rd best conductor, corroeds forming green patina |
| Ni (Nickel) | used for coinage, plating and found in alloys Alnico and Invar |
| Ti (Titanium) | Branemark while studying bone marrow discovered tghis metal caused no immune response and bonds to bone |
| B (Boron) | Sold as a cure for diabetes (water from Mt Fuji) |
| Zr (Zirconium) | Diamond substitute, chemical and fracture resistant |
| Hf (Hafnium) | Used in filaments/electrodes in semiconductors at 45 nm and smaller |
| Zr (Zirconium) | used for molds to contain molten metals, lab crucibles, and furnaces |
| Cd (Cadmium) | Toxic element used in batteries |
| Mt (Meitnerium) | named for Lise Mietner. Discovered fission |
