| A | B |
|---|
| problem | always stated as a question- what you are testing for |
| hypothesis | educated guess |
| procedure | the steps to follow in the experiment |
| variables | factors that change during an experiment |
| scientific method | a planned approach to solving problem |
| BIOLOGY | STUDY OF LIVING THINGS |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| BOTANY | STUDY OF PLANTS |
| GENETICS | STUDY OF GENES AND HEREDITY |
| Ecology | study of the effects that plants and animals have on their environment |
| zoology | the study of animals |
| digestion | breaking down complex sugars into simple sugars |
| circulation | transport oxygen,carbon dioxide, food, and water through blood vessels( arteries, veins, capillaries) |
| respiration | make energy |
| internal respiration | energy(A.T.P.) produced in the cells and organs |
| external respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide- breathing |
| assimilation | growth |
| locomotion | ability to move-internal and external |
| regulation | control of various life systems by the nervous and endocrine system |
| reproduction | the only life function that is NOT essential for the individual to live, but IS essential for the survival of the species |
| chemical digestion | enzymes |
| WHITE BLOOD CELLS | KNOW AS LEUKOCYTES, FIGHTS DISEASE AND INFECTIONS |
| PLASMA | CARRIES ANTIBODIES, HORMONES, AND VITAMINS |
| LOWER CHAMBERS | RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLE |
| HIGHER CHAMBERS | RIGHT AND LEFT ATRIA, ATRIUM, OR AURICLE |
| LEFT ATRIUM | WHERE BLOOD RETURNS TO THE HEART |
| LEFT VENTRICLE | MOST MUSCULAR CHAMBER OF THE HEART |
| BLOOD VESSELS | ARTERIES, VEINS, CAPILLARIES |
| CAPILLARIES | CARRIES OUT DIFFUSION, GASES ARE EXCHANGED |
| arm | this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base ( how you hold the microscope) |
| base | this supports the microscope |
| body tube | the tube that supports the eyepiece |
| ocular (eyepiece) | where you place your eye ( 10x magnification) |
| diaphragm | controls the amount of light on the slide |
| stage | the platform on which a slide is placed |
| stage clips | metal clips that hold the slides on the stage |
| NEURONS | NERVE CELLS |
| CELL BODY | CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL-CONTAINS THE NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM |
| DENDRITES | FIBERS THAT BRING MESSAGES TO THE CELL BODY |
| AXON | LARGE NERVE FIBER- CARRIES MESSAGES AWAY FROM CELL BODY |
| MESSAGES | TRAVEL IN ONLY ONE DIRECTION- THROUGH A NEURON |
| SYNAPSE | SPACE BETWEEN NEURONS-KEEPS MESSAGES TRAVELING IN ONE DIRECTION |
| SENSORY NEURONS | CARRY MESSAGES FROM THE SENSE ORGANS TO THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD |
| MOTOR NEURONS | CARRY MESSAGES FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO A MUSCLE OR GLAND |
| ASSOCIATION NEURONS | FOUND WITHIN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD-THEY CONNECT THE SENSORY NEURONS TO THE MOTOR NEURONS |
| REFLEX ARC | WHEN A MUSCLE RETURNS BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL LOCATION |
| REFLEXES | PROTECT THE BODY- SUCH AS: BLINKING, SNEEZING, COUGHING AND TOUCHING SOMETHING "HOT" |
| VOLUNTARY ACTION | REQUIRES THOUGHT, REASONING, WILL AND MEMORY TO BRING ABOUT THE DESIRED RESPONSE- EX. COOKING |
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | MADE UP OF THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD |
| CEREBRUM | LARGEST PART OF THE BRAIN-FORMS THE TOP OF THE BRAIN- RECEIVES SENSORY MESSAGES FROM THE BODY, CONTROLS MUSCLES, AND THINKING |
| CEREBELLUM | BELOW AND BEHIND THE CEREBRUM- COORDINATES THE MUSCLES IN THE BODY- CONTROLS BALANCE |
| MEDULLA OBLONGATA | THE LOWER PART OF THE BRAIN THAT CONNECTS TO THE SPINAL CORD- REGULATES BREATHING, HEART BEAT,AND DIGESTION |
| epiglottis | a valve that prevents food and liquids from entering the lungs |
| mouth | emergency air inlet |
| nose | warms, moistens, and filters the air |
| vocal cords | produce sounds by vibrating |
| trachea | windpipe located below the larynx |
| alveoli | tiny air sacs found at the end of the broncioles |
| bronchi | tubes that pass from the trachea to the lungs |
| larynx | the voice box, below the pharynx |
| bronchioles | bronchial tubes branch into these smaller tubes |
| pharynx | the throat |
| diaphragm | the muscle which is located at the lower end of the chest cavity, underneath the lungs |
| lungs | 2 balloon-shaped structures in the chest cavity; where respiration takes place |
| inhalation | taking air "into" the lungs |
| energy | most important end product |
| exhalation | air "leaving" the lungs |
| breathing | external respiration |
| Oxygen + Food> Carbon Dioxide+water+ATP | formula for internal respiration |
| respiration | gaseous exchange between a living organism and its environment |
| functions of nucleus | "The Brain of The Cell" reproduction and regulation |
| cell membrane | the "gatekeeper"-surrounds the entire cell-contain pores |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | "cells highway system"-tube like structures they transport materials inside the cells |
| vacuoles | fluid-filled sacs that store waste,water,and food. vacuoles in animal cells are very small.One large vacuole in plant cell |
| mitochondria | "powerhouse of the cell"-cellular respiration-makes the energy chemical ATP-food that you eat is burned with the oxygen you inhale |
| chloroplast | the organelle found only in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place in (making food) |
| photosynthesis | when green plants make their own food. |
| cell wall | extra protective covering that surrounds plant cells |
| named bones in the skeleton | 206 |
| vital organs protected by the skeleton | heart, lungs, brain |
| ligaments | hold bones together |
| cartilage | cushions the ends of bones |
| spinal column | central support of the body and protects the spinal cord |
| vertebrae | 33 bones in all |
| cervical vertebrae | first 7 bones |
| thoracic vertebrae | (12) attached to the ribs |
| lumbar vertebrae | (5)lower back |
| sacrum | (5) pelvis- fused together |
| coccyx | (4) tailbone- fused |
| cartilage discs | cushions between the first 24 vertebrae |
| ribs | 12 pairs total |
| ulna | lower arm bone attached to the pinky |
| radius | lower arm bone attached to the thumb- it rotates |
| carpals | (8) wrist bones |
| metacarpals | palm of your hand |
| phalanges | fingers and toes |
| femur | thigh bone- largest and strongest bone in your skeleton |
| patella | kneecap |
| joint | where two bones meet |
| muscles | move bones- 3 types: cardiac, skeletal, smooth |
| cardiac muscles | in the heart- involuntary |
| smooth muscles | involuntary- stomach and many internal organs |
| skeletal muscles | attached to bones- voluntary |
| voluntary muscles | are under your control ex: arm muscles |
| involuntary muscles | not under your control ex: heart |
| liver | largest gland in your body |
| small intestines | 23 feet long and 1 inch wide,the most important part of the digestive system |
| large intestine | 5 feet long,encircles the small intestines, contains: mucus, waste,bacteria, and water |
| main functions of large intestine | remove waste and absorption of water |
| mouth | digestion begins |
| mastication | chewing food |
| esphogus | food tube |
| stomach | "J" shaped, muscle, food container |
| mucus | protects the lining of the stomach |
| peristalsis | wave-like movement of food |
