| A | B |
|---|
| artifacts | clues left behind that are used to understand the past |
| archaeology | study of the unwritten past |
| Native Americans | first people in America |
| wealth | power |
| Black Death | a disease that killed over 75 million people in Europe |
| rats | carriers of the fleas that came to Europe with the Black Death |
| Jews | blamed for the Black Death |
| monopoly | sole economic control of a business or property |
| capital | money or property used to make more money |
| silk and spices | most important trade items from Asia |
| 1492 | year Columbus sailed for the East Indies |
| west | direction Columbus sailed for Asia |
| smallpox | disease that killed millions of Native Americans |
| Leonardo da Vinci | painted the Mona Lisa |
| Jamestown | first permanent English settlement in North America |
| John Smith | forced settlers to build homes and plants crops in Jamestown |
| Pilgrims | name given to Puritans who settled at Plymouth Rock |
| Salem, MA | place of many witch trials in the colonies |
| 13 | number of original colonies |
| imports | goods purchased from another country |
| exports | items sold to other countries |
| staple crops | crops continuously in demand |
| cash crops | crops sold for a profit |
| immigrants | people who leave their original country to settle in a different one |
| slaves | owned for life as well as offspring |
| indentured servant | worked for 3-7 years to pay off debt |
| Slave Codes | laws used to control slaves |
| Middle Passage | route used by slave ships between Africa and the Americas |
| libel | a false written statement that damages a person's reputation |
| militia | civilians serving as soldiers |
| casualties | people who are killed, wounded, captured, or missing during a war |
| boycott | refusal to buy goods or services |
| Sons of Liberty | secret society that fought British taxes and threatened tax collectors |
| No taxation without representation! | people should not be taxed without having a representative in government |
| Boston Massacre | event in which 5 colonists were killed when British soldiers opened fire |
| propaganda | stories or images designed to support a particular point of view |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes! |
| Boston Tea Party | event in which colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped tea into the harbor |
| Paul Revere | warned the colonists the British were coming |
| Shot heard around the world | start of the Revolutionary War |
| Battle of Lexington | first battle of the Revolutionary War |
| Continental Army | led by George Washington |
| King George III | King of England during the American Revolution |
| Declaration of Independence | stated the rights colonists thought they should have |
| July 4, 1776 | date the Declaration of Independence was approved |
| women, African Americans, Indians | not included in the Declaration of Independence |
| Benedict Arnold | Patriot who switched sides during the American Revolution |
| 1775-1781 | years the Revolutionary War was fought |
| Patriots | colonists who fought for indpendence |
| Loyalists | colonists who were against independence |
| foreclosure | seizure of property by the government/bank for not paying taxes on a property |
| inflation | an increase in the price of goods and decrease in the value of money |
| The Constitution | document that gave powers to both the federal government and states |
| Congress | heads the Legislative Branch |
| Legislative Branch | purpose is to pass bills into laws |
| House of Representatives | lower house of Congress based on population |
| Senate | upper house of Congress with equal representation |
| The President of the United States | heads the Executive Branch |
| Executive Branch | purpose is to enforce laws |
| 4 | number of years between elections |
| Commander in Chief | title of the head of the military |
| veto | to cancel legislation |
| impeach | to bring charges against |
| Supreme Court | heads the Judicial Branch |
| Judicial Branch | purpose is to punish criminals and interpret laws |
| 9 | members on the Supreme Court |
| Bill of Rights | first ten amendments of the Constitution |
| 1st Amendment | freedom of press, religion, speech, assembly, and petition |
| 2nd Amendment | right to bare arms |
| double jeopardy | you cannot be charged for the same crime twice |
| George Washington | first president of the United States |
| Thomas Jefferson | purchased the Louisiana Territory |
| 12-14 | hours a day textile workers put in |
| wind and water | two main sources of energy at the start of the Industrial Revolution |
| steam | main source of energy at the end of the Industrial Revolution |
| overtime | when you work more hours than you are required to |
| strike | when a worker protests and refuses to do work |
| scabs | workers who work in spite of a strike |
| union | workers sometimes join these to help improve working conditions |
| telegraph | invention that uses a series of dots and dashes to communicate over long distances |
| railroad | telegraph grew side by side with this |
| cotton gin | helped pull cotton fibers from the seed |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin |
| effect of cotton gin | increased slavery in the United States |
| Underground Railroad | a series of safe homes and people to help slaves escape to the North |
| conductor | brought slaves safely from one location to another |
| Harriet Tubman | brought over 300 slaves to freedom |
| Moses | nickname given to Harriet Tubman |
| Frederick Douglass | former slave who described the horrors of slavery |
| Fugitive Slave Act | made it a federal crime to assist runaway slaves |
| domestic slave trade | breeding and selling of slaves in the United States |
| abolitionist | people who wanted to end slavery |
| emancipation | the immediate end of slavery |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | anti-slavery novel showing the way some slaves were treated |
| John Brown | abolitionist who killed five men in Kansas and was captured at Harpers Ferry |
| Dredd Scott | former slave who was told he wasn't a citizen and couldn't go to court |
| Republican Party | wanted to stop the spread of slavery into the west |
| secession | the act of formally withdrawing from the Union |
| 1861-1865 | years the Civil War was fought |
| Union | name given to the northern armies |
| Confederates | name given to the southern armies |
| Washington D.C. | capital of the North |
| Richmond, VA | capital of the South |
| Emancipation Proclamation | set all slaves free in the Confederate States |
| Gettysburg Address | speech that reminded people to remain focused on the Civil War and honor soldiers who had died |
| Ulysses S. Grant | led the Union troops at the end of the Civil War |
| Robert E. Lee | led the Confederate troops at the end of the Civil War |
| Reconstruction | time period in which the South rebuilt homes and businesses |
| Secret Service | job was to stop counterfeiters |
| Ford Theater | place Lincoln was assassinated |
| John Wilkes Booth | person who assassinated Abraham Lincoln |
| Black Codes | laws that limited the freedom of African Americans |
| Amendment 14 | granted citizenship to African Americans |
| Amendment 15 | gave African Americans the right to vote |
