| A | B |
|---|
| magnification | enlarging the image of a specimen |
| stage | the place where a specimen is placed for viewing |
| resolution | the ability of the microscope to focus on two separate, very close objects |
| arm and base | the best way to carry a microscope |
| Leeuwenhoek | the scientist most closely associated with the use of the microscope |
| light | the type of microscope we use in school that uses a beam of light to view an object |
| cells | the basic unit of structure and function of living things |
| Hooke | responsible for identifying and naming cells |
| chloroplast | where photosynthesis takes place |
| ribosome | assembles proteins |
| vacuole | stores water and waste |
| nucleus | controls all of the cell's activities |
| Golgi body | packages proteins |
| cell membrane | controls what goes in and what goes out of a cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | transports proteins |
| lysosome | breaks down waste products |
| mitochondrion | responsible for turning food and oxygen into engergy |
| cell theory | all living things are made of cells, etc. |
| diffusion | molecules move from an area of higher to lower concentration |
| osmosis | water diffuses through a membrane |
| active transport | requires a cell to move energy |
| photosynthesis | food making process for autotrophs |
| water, carbon dioxide, energy | end products of cellular respiration |
| glucose and oxygen | end products of photosynthesis |
| cellular respiration | breaking down food molecules to release energy |
| raw materials of photosynthesis | water and carbon dioxide + light and chlorohyll |
| raw materials of cellular respiration | glucose and oxygen |
| complementary | opposite processes; the end products of one are the raw materials of the other |
| cell division | the entire cell divides to form two exact copies |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus during cell division |
| replication | DNA copies itself |
| cancer | when some body cells divide uncontrollably |
| Mendel | discovered the basic foundations of genetics |
| traits | inherited features or charactistics |
| gene | a section of DNA |
| allele | a different form of a gene |
| dominant | an allele whose trait always shows up when present |
| recessive | an allele whose trait is masked |
| phenotype | physical appearance of an organism |
| genotype | genetic make-up of an organism |
| chromosomes | rod-shaped structures made of DNA |
| Watson, Crick, and Wilkins | Discovered the structure of DNA |
| homozygous | both alleles for a trait are the same |
| heterozygous | both alleles for a trait are different |
| inbreeding | crossing two individuals with similar or identical traits |
| hybridization | crossing two individuals with different traits to get the best of both parents |
| genetic engineering | transferring a gene from one organism to another |
| cloning | producing an organism identical to the one from which it was produced |
| pedigree | chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait |
| sex chromosomes | X & Y |
| sex cells | gametes |
| fertilization | the process by which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| karyotype | a chart of chromosomes from one cell used to look for genetic disorders |
| genetic disorder | condition inherited through abnormal genes or mistakes on chromosomes |
| Down syndrome | disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosomes |
| amniocentisis | technique used to analyze fluid around a developing baby for genetic disorders |
| genome | all of the DNA/ genes in one cell |
| Linnaeus | most associated with the practice of classifying organisms |
| species | group of organisms so similar they can mate and produce fertile offspring |
| HIPPO | causes of extinction |
| scientific name | genus and species names of an organism |
| extinct | no members of a species are still alive |
| cladistics/ branching tree | modern system of classification using protein sequences to show relationships |
| six kingdoms | groupings for all living things |
| variation | any differences between individuals of the same species |
| natural selection | the means by which evolution occurs |
| Darwin | most associated with the Theory of Evolution |
| inherited traits | traits that can be acted on by natural selection |
| how organisms are grouped | whether or not they have a nucleus, make their own food, or are single or multicellular |
| needs of living things | energy source, water, living space, stable internal environment |
| embryology | the study of organisms before their birth |
| homologous structures | body parts that are similar in design but used for different purposes |
| primates | group includes gibbons, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans |
| characteristics of primates | opposable thumbs, binocular vision, reduced snout, large brain for body size |
| bipedalism | ability to walk upright |
| hominoids | groups of mammals that inscludes humans, apes, and monkeys |
| changes that resulted in walking upright | curved spine, angled femur, smaller hips |
| hominids | group includes modern humans and ancient ancesters |
| viruses | infectious agents |
| archaebacteria and eubacteria | kingdoms of bacteria |
| shapes of bacteria | rod, sphere, spiral |
| prokaryotes | organisms with no nucleus in their cells |
| protista | kingdom of mostly single-celled eukaryotes with some multi-cellular species |
| Protozoans | animal-like protists |
| flagella | whip-like tail of some micobes |
| pseudopods | false feet of some microbes |
| cilia | hair-like structures on some microbes |
| algae | plant-like protists |
| slime mold | unusual protists that act like a fungus and a plant a different times in its life cycle |
| fungi | kingdom of mostly multi-cellular eukaryotic heterotrophs |
| yeast | single-celled fungus species |
| ringworm and athlete's foot | fungal infections |
| antibiotic | used to treat bacterial diseases |
| vaccine | used to prevent viral diseases |
| penicillin | antibiotic made from mold |
| spore | tiny structures filled with genetic mateial that can produce a new organism |
| hyphae | thread-like structures allow a fungus to grow into its food source |
| mushroom | reproductive structure of some fungi |
| nonvascular | plants that do not have tube-like cells |
| vascular | plants that have tube-like cells |
| mosses | tiny, nonvascular plants that live in cracks in rocks and sidewalks |
| ferns | vascular plants that reproduce using spores - leaves are called fronds |
| cell walls | support for non-vascular plant cells |
| adaptations | any characteristic that helps an organism survive |
| stomata | openings in a leaf that let water vapor and oxygen out and carbon dioxide in |
| xylem | vascular tubes that bring water up from the roots into the stem |
| phloem | vascular tubes that bring food from the leaf down the stem |
| pistil | female part of the flower |
| ovary | contains the flower's seeds |
| stamen | male part of the flower |
| pollination | process of transferring pollen from the male part to the female part of a flower |
| pollen | tiny grains that contain plant sperm |
| angiosperm | plant that produces covered seeds |
| gymnosperm | plant that produces naked seeds |
| fruit | swollen ovary of flower |
| invertebrates | animals that don't have backbones |
| bilateral symmetry | each lateral side of an organism's body is a mirror image of the other |
| radial symmetry | every section of an organism's body is the same when viewed from a central point - like pizza slices |
| parasite | organism that lives off of another organism |
| porifera | phylum of animals with pores - sponges |
| cnidaria | phylum of stinging-celled animals |
| platyhelminthes | phylum of flatworms |
| planarian | a type of flatworm that has eyespots and mouth-tube |
| nematoda | roundworm with a tube-within-a tube body design |
| hermaphrodite | organism with both male and female sex organs in the same body |
| annelida | phylum of segmented worms |
| setae | bristles that help segmented worms move through the soil |
| radula | scraping tongue of some mollusks |
| arthropoda | phylum of animals with jointed feet/legs |
| exoskeleton | skeleton/ rigid support on the outside of the body |
| echinodermata | phylum of animals with spiny skin |
| water-vascular system | series of canals in echinoderms that provide the power to move tube feet |
| regeneration | ability to regrow lost body parts |
| endoskeleton | skeleton/rigid support on the inside of the body |
