| A | B |
|---|
| NADH | an electron carrier that donates electrons in cellular respiration |
| NAD+ | an electron carrier that accepts electrons in cellular respiration |
| FADH2 | an electron carrier that donates electrons in cellular respiration |
| FAD+ | an electron carrier that accepts electrons in cellular respiration |
| active transport | the movement of substances through a membrane against a concentration gradient using membrane-bound proteins --> requires energy (ATP) |
| sodium-potassium pump | an active-transport mechanism that pumps sodium and potassium ions into and out of cell |
| aerobic cellular respiration | set of reactions that take place in the cell that require oxygen to release energy (ATP) from glucose |
| anaerobic cellular respiration | the set of reactions that take place in a cell that do NOT require oxygen to release energy from glucose (less effective than aerobic) |
| glycolysis | a process for harnessing energy - a glucose is broken into two pyruvate (3 C) molecules and 2 ATP are produced; in the cytoplasm of cell |
| mitochondria | eukaryotic cell organelles where aerobic cellular respiration takes place |
| mitochondrial matrix | the fluid that fills the interior of mitochondria |
| intermembrane space | the fluid-filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane |
| Krebs Cycle | a cyclical series of reactions that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH2 - carbon atoms removed as waste CO2 |
| alcohol fermentation | a form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast - NADH passes its H atoms to acetaldehyde, producing CO2, ethanol, NAD+ |
| lactic acid fermentation | form of anaerobic respiration occurring in animal cells - NADH transfers its H atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and lactic acid |
| VO2 Max | the maximum volume of oxygen in mL that the cells of the body can remove from bloodstream in one minute per kg of body mass during maximal exertion (exercise) |
| lactic acid threshold | the value of exercise intensity at which lactic acid production increases in the muscles |
