| A | B |
|---|
| Terms of Equilibrium | Keq and Kd |
| Keq | ratio of the concentrations of products and (over) reactants of a reaction |
| Kd | ratio of concentration of reactants and (over) products of noncovalent interactions |
| Steady State Reactions | In biological systems chemical reactions rarely reach equilibrium and A condition of steady-state dynamics occurs where the rate of formation of a product is equal to the rate of its consumption |
| Rate of synthesis | = rate of loss |
| Acid | compound which donates hydrogen ion |
| Base | compound which accepts hydrogen ion |
| – pOH | = - log of [OH] |
| •pH maintenance is important for | proper functioning of cellular enzymes (ex. lysozymes) |
| Buffers | Compounds that react with acids and bases to resist large changes in pH |
| Biochemical Energetics | Potential energy, Kinetic energy, Thermal energy, Radiant energy, Mechanical energy, and Electrical energy |
| Potential energy in cells | Stored in covalent bonds |
| Gradients | Chemical gradients and Electrical gradients |
| Gibbs Free Energy | “all systems change in such a way that free energy [G] is minimized” (i.e. a reaction will occur spontaneously when the free energy of the products is less than that of the reactants) |
| G | =free energy |
| ΔG | Gproducts - Greactants |
